Facile Synthesis of Electroconductive AZO@TiO<sub>2</sub> Whiskers and Their Application in Textiles

Ma, Hui; Gao, Qiang; Gao, Chunxia; Bao, Wei; Ge, Mingqiao

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5940618

Journal of Nanomaterials

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 5940618 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5940618

Facile Synthesis of Electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ Whiskers and Their Application in Textiles

Hui Ma,^1,2Qiang Gao ,^1,2,3Chunxia Gao ,^3,4Wei Bao,⁵and Mingqiao Ge^1,2

Academic Editor: Reza Bayati

Received03 Feb 2016

Revised02 Aug 2016

Accepted03 Aug 2016

Published15 Sept 2016

Abstract

The electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers have been successfully prepared via coating Al doped ZnO onto TiO₂ whisker. The orthogonal tests were employed to optimize the synthetic conditions. The crystallographic structure and the morphology of the AZO@TiO₂ whiskers and the polypropylene nonwoven fabrics modified with AZO@TiO₂ whiskers were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, four-probe meter, and electrometer. The results showed the AZO@TiO₂ whiskers exhibited good electroconductive performance. Moreover, the polypropylene nonwoven fabrics modified with AZO@TiO₂ whiskers revealed excellent antistatic performance indicating wide application of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers in the antistatic textiles.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, a great number of nanomaterials and nanostructures have been applied in diverse electronic and related fields. In recent years, many researchers have focused on the preparation of TiO₂ with different morphologies for special functional applications [1], such as nanotubes [2], nanorods [3–5], and nanowires [6]. Rod-like TiO₂ whiskers are more likely to disperse uniformly compared with nanoparticles, guaranteeing the good inner homogeneity [7]. Besides, the pathway for electron is readily formed as the rod materials overlap with each other, thus improving conductivity. However, the high electric resistance of TiO₂ limits its application. One effective approach to reduce the electric resistance is to dope electroconductive elements onto TiO₂ [8–10]. You et al. [11] prepared monodispersed Cu-doped TiO₂ nanorods with tunable lengths (2–30 nm), diameters (2–5 nm), and doping concentrations (1.7–3.2%) through a low temperature hydrolytic route. The surface-functionalized method was employed to synthesize TiO₂@CdS core-shell nanorods using citric acid as an agent by Das and De [12]. Nevertheless, the reported works only focus on the photoelectron chemical behavior; the conductivity of the TiO₂ whiskers coated with the conductive material has rarely been studied.

Al doped ZnO (AZO) is promising as a cost-effective replacement for other transparent conductors, such as In₂O₃: Sn (ITO), SnO₂: Sb (ATO), and SnO₂: F (FTO), due to its high thermal stability, low price, and nontoxicity characteristics [13, 14]. P-type doping of ZnO can be achieved via the addition of Al as the dopant [15]. AZO powders have been successfully prepared by a simple chemical coprecipitation method by Zhang et al. [16] and the photocatalytic and electrical properties were improved compared to those of ZnO. Wu et al. synthesized aluminum and gallium codoped ZnO powders (AGZ), which led to fine grain size ranging from 14 to 28 nm and low resistivity of 2.518 10³ Ωcm [17]. The conductivity is caused by the replacement of Zn²⁺ with Al³⁺, releasing excessive electrons into the conduction band.

In this study, the Al doped ZnO materials coatings onto TiO₂ whiskers were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The microstructure, morphology, and electrical performance of the AZO@TiO₂ whiskers were investigated. The properties of the polypropylene nonwoven fabrics modified with the AZO@TiO₂ whiskers were further studied.

2. Experiment

2.1. Materials

TiO₂ nanoparticles with an average diameter of 250 35 nm were purchased from Jianghu Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., China. Al(NO)₃9H₂O, Zn(NO₃)₂6H₂O, and NaOH were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China. All the chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.

2.2. Preparation of Electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ Whiskers

2.2.1. Preparation of TiO₂ Whiskers

The TiO₂ whiskers were prepared by two-step synthesis. Generally, TiO₂ nanoparticles and K₂CO₃ with the molar ratio of (Ti)/(K₂CO₃) = 4 were firstly mixed in distilled water. After dispersing in ultrasonic cleaner (100 W) for 30 min, the mixture was heated and blended with magnetic stirrer. When it became sticky, the dope was transferred into drying oven. After grinding process, the dried powders were performed in a muffle furnace at 1000°C for 10 h in order to form K₂Ti₄O₉ whisker bunches and then boiled for 8 h in deionized water to disperse into the sole whiskers. After the HCl (60 mol/L) treatment for 6 h in the thermostatic water bath, the precursor was annealed at 1000°C for 5 h with the speed of 5°/min to obtain TiO₂ whiskers.

2.2.2. Preparation of AZO@TiO₂ Whiskers

Firstly, Zn(NO₃)₂6H₂O was dissolved in distilled water with an amount of Al(NO)₃9H₂O further added into the Zn(NO₃)₂ solution to obtain the desired solution A. The suspension was made with TiO₂ nanoparticles and 100 mL distilled water. After the ultrasonic treatment for 30 min, it was poured into a three-necked flask. A mixed acid solution of A was added to the suspension drop by drop at 65°C with stirring (300 rpm). The pH value was maintained with the buffer solution during the process. After a 120 min reaction, the white precipitation was filtered and washed with distilled water and dried in a drying oven at 70°C. After the sintering, the electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers were obtained.

2.3. Preparation of Antistatic Fabric

After cleaning with detergents and washed with distilled water, all the polypropylene nonwoven fabrics (40 cm 45 cm) were dried in the oven for 24 h. The synthesized size, consisting of sticking agent (Guangdong Gongchenrihua Co., Ltd., China) and thickening agent (Shenzhen Yongzhiqiang Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., China), was mixed with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt% electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers. The polypropylene nonwoven fabrics were prepared with the mixture by surface coating manually. After coating, the fabrics were dried in vacuum oven for 1 h.

2.4. Characterization

The TiO₂ whiskers were fabricated from TiO₂ and K₂CO₃ nanoparticles in a stable reactor, which could be heated up to 1000°C with a controllable heat rate of 10°/min by an automatic tube furnace (GSL 1600X, Hefei Kejing Materials Technology, China).

The morphology of the electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (SU-1510, Hitachi, Japan) operated at 10 kV. The samples were gold-sputtered on the surface to ensure the electrical conductivity and observed in vacuum environment to eliminate air impact. XRD analysis was performed using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (D8 Advance, Bruker, Germany) with monochromated Cu-Kα radiation ( = 1.54183 Å) across a 2θ range of 10–80° with a rate of 0.1 s/step. The component of electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers was conducted with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (ESCALAB 250Xi, Thermo Fisher Scientific, America), employing a soft X-ray source of Al-K ( = 1486.6 eV) and operating at 150 W.

The surface resistivity of the electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers was manifested by the four-probe meter (SZT-2A, Tongchuang Electronic, China). The antistatic property of nonwoven fabric was measured by fabric induced electrostatic measuring instrument (YG (B) 342D, Darong Textile Instrument, China).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Orthogonal Test for Electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ Whiskers

Orthogonal design is one of the most effective and time-saving methods for the studies involving multiple variables in order to find out which factors (or variables) influence to the most extent properties of the target product [18]. Besides, it provides a powerful way to find an optimal combination of a smaller number of arrays to obtain the optimum thus reducing more experiments associated with the analysis [19, 20]. Based on our previous experimental results, the main factors, including calcination temperature, pH, doping ratio (Al/Zn), and coating ratio (Zn/Ti), affected the formation process of electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers. In this study, the L₉ (2³) orthogonal array of the Taguchi method [21] was adopted to investigate these factors and optimize the synthetic conditions. The factors and levels are listed in Table 1. Table 2 and Figure 1 present the experimental results of the L₉ (2³) orthogonal array. The surface resistivity of resultant AZO@TiO₂ whiskers was measured. The surface resistivity at level I for factor (, , or ) is as follows:where , , , and represent the numbers of levels for factors , , , and and , , , and represent the ranges, which affect the influences of levels on the experimental result.

According to the value of in Table 2, the influence of four factors on the electroconductivity of AZO@TiO₂ whisker decreases in the order: doping ratio > pH > calcinations temperature > coating ratio. Doping ratio and pH value are the dominant factors over others.

Our previous studies showed that the conductivity was enhanced with the increase of coating ratio (Sn/Ti) when TiO₂ nanoparticles were encapsulated by ATO [22]. In this study, we continue to optimize the doping ratio to find the lowest surface resistivity as shown in Table 3. The lowest surface resistivity was approached when the coating ratio was 45 at%. Nevertheless, when the coating ratio continues to increase, the electroconductivity was deteriorated, which indicates that the coating ratio has been saturated.

In the factor of doping ratio, the surface resistivity of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers decreases at first and then increases steadily at the optimal level of 2.5 at%. Al³⁺ is ready to substitute Zn²⁺ position to form negatively charged lattice defects as the radius of Al³⁺ is smaller than Zn²⁺. Therefore, a free electron emerges. The conductivity would increase with the implement of Al³⁺ contents when doping ratio is below 2.5 at%. The excess Al would form ZnAl₂O₃ rather than replace Zn²⁺ lattice site, which increases the resistivity. According to the report of Chen et al. [23] and Lu et al. [24], ZnAl₂O₄ would lead to the increasing resistivity of AZO.

The pH value also has a big impact on the conductivity of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers, as it offers the opportunities for the suitable reactive environment. According to reaction equation (2), is prepared in alkaline conditions and uniformly coated on the surface of TiO₂ whiskers. With further dehydration reaction, the H₂O is removed as shown in reaction equation (3):

The influences of calcination temperature and coating ratio are relatively small that the resistivity fluctuated between 18 KΩcm and 26 KΩcm. The optimal condition of resistivity was as follows: doping ratio = 2.5 at%, pH = 8, calcination temperature = 400°C, and coating ratio = 45 at%. Due to the fact that the optimal experiment is out of nine groups in Table 2, we carried out another experiment according to the optimal condition and minimal surface resistivity of 3.6 KΩcm was approached.

3.2. Properties of Electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ Whiskers

The electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers are yellow in color and small in size, as revealed in Figure 2(a). Figure 2(b) shows the SEM image of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers. AZO@TiO₂ whiskers are rod-like, with a diameter of 280–340 nm and a length of 1.95–3.75 μm. Furthermore, coating layer of AZO locates on the surface of TiO₂ whiskers, where the electrons could be freely spread among whiskers when they are connected with each other and readily conduct electricity within the materials.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2(c) reveals the XRD pattern of synthetic whiskers. The characteristic peaks of rutile TiO₂ (JCPDS no. 65-5714) can be clearly observed from the XRD pattern of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers [25]. Meanwhile, hexagonal wurtzite zincite peaks [26] (namely, 2θ = 28.3°, 31.4°, 47.7°) were also observed, indicating that the AZO has been deposited onto the TiO₂ whisker.

XPS analysis was employed to further confirm the chemical composition of the synthetic whiskers. Figure 2(d) illustrates that synthetic whiskers consist of Zn, C1s, O, and Ti elements. Among them, the binding energy of C 1s peak was at 284.8 eV and used as the reference standard. With scanning over the corresponding XPS spectra area, the binding energies for the Zn 2p region at around 1000 eV were analyzed. The peak located at 1044.43 eV was the same as Zn 2p_3/2 and the other one located at 1021.53 eV was assigned to Zn 2p_1/2, while those of Zn 3d, Zn 3p, and Zn 3s were located at 10.08 eV, 88.08 eV, and 139.08 eV, respectively. These peak positions agree with the reference values, suggesting a normal state of AZO in AZO@TiO₂ whisker [27, 28]. The binding energy of O 1s peak was at 530.08 eV, clarifying the existence of TiO₂ whisker. The Ti 2p_3/2 and Ti 2p_1/2 peaks also had obvious double peaks at binding energies of 458.53 eV and 475.33 eV, respectively, indicting a normal state of TiO₂ in AZO@TiO₂ whisker [5].

3.3. Antistatic Fabric Coated with AZO@TiO₂ Whiskers

The coating method is of special interest in fabrication of nanostructured materials such as nanocomposite coatings carrying a variety of functionalities [29]. A layer of electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers was coated on the surface of polypropylene nonwoven fabrics. Compared with the uncoated polypropylene nonwoven fabrics in Figure 3(a), the electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers were coated onto the surface (Figure 3(b)). The influence of the content of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers on the antistatic property of fabrics was shown in Figure 3(c)I. With increased AZO@TiO₂ whiskers, the half-life voltage of fabrics decreased sharply at first. When the content is more than 4 wt%, the tendency to decrease is slow, and the half-life voltage drops to 1.47 s. This suggests that the modified fabrics have good antistatic property. When the content is 8 wt%, the half-life voltage is 0.401 s (<0.5), which indicates that the coated fabrics reach the index of excellent antistatic property (the red line). Meanwhile, antistatic property after washing is very important for surface-modified fabrics. If it is poor, the antistatic property does not remain for long [30]. Changes in the half-life voltage with different amount of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers after washing for 20 times are shown in Figure 3(c)II, similar to Figure 3(c)I. In addition, when the content of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers reached 10 wt%, the half-life voltage of surface-modified fabrics after washing for 20 times was 0.481 s (<0.5) still meeting the requirement of excellent antistatic property.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The application of fiber materials is limited in some particular environment due to the high resistance. The electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers with unique rod-shaped structure and excellent conductivity own a wide future application in the functional textiles.

4. Conclusion

In summary, the rod-like electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers were successfully fabricated by coating Al doped ZnO onto TiO₂ whiskers. The optimal synthetic condition for electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers was obtained with doping ratio of 2.5 at%, pH value of 8, calcination temperature of 400°C, and coating ratio of 45 at%. The electroconductive AZO@TiO₂ whiskers are light yellow with a length to diameter ratio of 5.6. The polypropylene nonwoven fabrics modified with AZO@TiO₂ whiskers exhibited excellent antistatic performance and laundering durability, indicating wide application of AZO@TiO₂ whiskers in the antistatic textiles.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 21504033), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant no. 2015M580296), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers (Fudan University) (Grant no. K2016-04), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (no. JUSRP11444), the Research Project of Jiangsu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau (Grant no. 2015KJ18), Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Silk Engineering (Grant no. KJS1413) and Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education (Grant no. KLET1403), Fundamental Research Funds for Graduate Education Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province in 2015 (no. SJZZ15_0146), and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

References

T. Leshuk, R. Parviz, P. Everett, H. Krishnakumar, R. A. Varin, and F. Gu, “Photocatalytic activity of hydrogenated TiO₂,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1892–1895, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Roy, S. Berger, and P. Schmuki, “TiO₂ nanotubes: synthesis and applications,” Angewandte Chemie—International Edition, vol. 50, no. 13, pp. 2904–2939, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. S. Cho, Z. Chen, A. J. Forman et al., “Branched TiO₂ nanorods for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 4978–4984, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. A. Kandiel, R. Dillert, A. Feldhoff, and D. W. Bahnemann, “Direct synthesis of photocatalytically active rutile TiO₂ nanorods partly decorated with anatase nanoparticles,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 114, no. 11, pp. 4909–4915, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-N. Nian and H. Teng, “Hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystalline anatase TiO₂ nanorods with nanotubes as the precursor,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 9, pp. 4193–4198, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-W. Shim, D. K. Lee, I.-S. Cho, K. S. Hong, and D.-W. Kim, “Facile hydrothermal synthesis of porous TiO₂ nanowire electrodes with high-rate capability for Li ion batteries,” Nanotechnology, vol. 21, no. 25, Article ID 255706, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Zhu, T. Jie, and D. Xiang, “Preparation and photoelectrochemical activity of Cr-doped TiO₂ nanorods with nanocavities,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 114, no. 7, pp. 2873–2879, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Park, S.-D. Seo, S. Lee et al., “Sb:SnO₂@TiO₂ heteroepitaxial branched nanoarchitectures for Li ion battery electrodes,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 116, no. 41, pp. 21717–21726, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Xu, P. Da, H. Wu, D. Zhao, and G. Zheng, “Controlled Sn-doping in TiO₂ nanowire photoanodes with enhanced photoelectrochemical conversion,” Nano Letters, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1503–1508, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Liu, L. Zhang, J.-F. Chen, and Y. Le, “Synthesis of TiO₂@ATO core–shell nanofibers using coaxial electrospinning,” Materials Letters, vol. 137, pp. 339–342, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. You, T. G. Kim, and Y.-M. Sung, “Synthesis of Cu-doped TiO₂ nanorods with various aspect ratios and dopant concentrations,” Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 983–987, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Das and S. K. De, “Optical properties of the type-II core-shell TiO₂@CdS nanorods for photovoltaic applications,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 3494–3501, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Vunnam, K. Ankireddy, J. Kellar, and W. Cross, “Environmental stability of solution processed Al-doped ZnO naoparticulate thin films using surface modification technique,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 322, pp. 1–5, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-S. Luo, J.-P. Yang, X.-J. Dai, Y. Yang, and S.-Y. Fu, “Preparation and optical properties of novel transparent al-doped-ZnO/epoxy nanocomposites,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 113, no. 21, pp. 9406–9411, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. X. Xia, K. S. Hui, K. N. Hui et al., “High quality p-type N-doped AZO nanorod arrays by an ammonia-assisted hydrothermal method,” Materials Letters, vol. 78, pp. 180–183, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Zhang, R. Y. Hong, Q. Chen, and W. G. Feng, “On the electrical conductivity and photocatalytic activity of aluminum-doped zinc oxide,” Powder Technology, vol. 253, pp. 360–367, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Wu, W. Zhang, H. Zhang et al., “Investigation of aluminum and gallium co-doped ZnO powders and their effects on the properties of targets,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 24–31, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Dargahi, H. Kazemian, M. Soltanieh, M. Hosseinpour, and S. Rohani, “High temperature synthesis of SAPO-34: applying an L9 Taguchi orthogonal design to investigate the effects of experimental parameters,” Powder Technology, vol. 217, pp. 223–230, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ma, H. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Bu, and J. Bai, “Bio-hydrogen production from cornstalk wastes by orthogonal design method,” Renewable Energy, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 709–713, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S.-Q. Liu, C.-F. Dai, L. Wang, S.-P. Li, and X.-D. Li, “Orthogonal test design for optimization of synthesis of MTX/LDHs hybrids by ion-exchange method,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 79, pp. 82–88, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Olivia and H. Nikraz, “Properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete designed by Taguchi method,” Materials and Design, vol. 36, pp. 191–198, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Gao, H. Ma, W. Bao, C. Gao, and M. Ge, “Polyacrylonitrile/electroconductive TiO₂ nanoparticles composite fibers via wet-spinning,” Fibers and Polymers, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1048–1054, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Chen, G. Zhan, Y. Wu, X. He, and Z. Lu, “Sol-gel-hydrothermal synthesis and conductive properties of Al-doped ZnO nanopowders with controllable morphology,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 587, pp. 692–697, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Lu, J. Zhou, A. Wang, N. Wang, and X. Yang, “Synthesis of aluminium-doped ZnO nanocrystals with controllable morphology and enhanced electrical conductivity,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 4161–4167, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Osada, M. Kobayashi, and M. Kakihana, “Enhanced dielectric response induced by controlled morphology in rutile TiO₂ nanocrystals,” Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, vol. 121, no. 1416, pp. 593–597, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Zhao et al., “Optical and electrical properties of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 774–780, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Q. Wei, B. Y. Man, M. Liu, C. S. Xue, H. Z. Zhuang, and C. Yang, “Blue luminescent centers and microstructural evaluation by XPS and Raman in ZnO thin films annealed in vacuum, N₂ and O₂,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 388, no. 1-2, pp. 145–152, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Tian, Z. Pan, H. Zhang et al., “Growth and characterization of the Al-doped and Al–Sn co-doped ZnO nanostructures,” Ceramics International, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 6497–6502, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Jafari, A. Rahimi, P. Shokrolahi, and A. E. Langroudi, “Synthesis of antistatic hybrid nanocomposite coatings using surface modified indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles,” Journal of Coatings Technology Research, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 587–593, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Wang, Y. Lin, Y. Zhao, and L. Gu, “Polyacrylonitrile fibers modified by nano-antimony-doped tin oxide particles,” Textile Research Journal, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1060–1065, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2016 Hui Ma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

874

Downloads

686

Citations