Preparation of Cerium Dioxide Layers on Titanium by Electrodeposition with Organic Solution

Nande, Vaijayanti Namdeo; Kostyukova, Diana; Choi, Jeonghee; Chung, Yong Hee

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7214617

Journal of Nanomaterials

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 7214617 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7214617

Preparation of Cerium Dioxide Layers on Titanium by Electrodeposition with Organic Solution

Vaijayanti Namdeo Nande,¹Diana Kostyukova,¹Jeonghee Choi,¹and Yong Hee Chung¹

Academic Editor: Flavio Colmati

Received31 Jan 2017

Accepted20 Apr 2017

Published15 May 2017

Abstract

Layers of cerium dioxide nanoparticles were prepared on titanium by electrodeposition with organic solution. Three concentrations of cerium ions were used at 31.6 V. The organic solution was isobutanol and titanium foils were used as anodes and cathodes. Currents were monitored during the electrodeposition. Deposition times ranged from 0.5 to 8 h. Deposited Deposited layers were calcined at 700 K for 30 min. The morphology and composition of the deposited layers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As-prepared and calcined deposition layers were assayed to be cerium dioxide. The average crystallite size increased from 4 to 7 nm through calcination at 700 K. Sizes of calcined cerium oxide agglomerates were ranging from 73 to 146 nm for 30 min deposition and 209 to 262 nm for 8 h deposition. The electrodeposition efficiencies of 0.5 h deposition at three concentrations were measured to be highest.

1. Introduction

Targets of cerium dioxide with thicknesses in range of several mg/cm² were used in proton-induced nuclear reactions [1–3]. Cerium dioxide was deposited on aluminum. Targets of cerium dioxide with a thickness in range of mg/cm² deposited on titanium can be used to verify cross sections of production of ¹⁴²Pr whose values were reported to disagree at proton energies in the vicinity of 12 MeV [1, 2]. Titanium has been used to precisely monitor the proton energy up to 30–40 MeV using the Ti(p,xn)⁴⁸V nuclear reaction [4–6].

Thin layers of cerium dioxide (CeO₂) have been prepared by various methods such as electrodeposition [7–9], hydrothermal [10], ion beam-assisted deposition [11], laser chemical vapor deposition [12–14], microwave-assisted heating [15], precipitation [16, 17], magnetron sputtering [18, 19], and sol–gel [20] methods. CeO₂ has salient characteristics such as oxygen buffer layers, high dielectric constant, and distinctive photocatalytic and optical properties, which allows its diverse applications in direct methanol fuel cells [21–23], direct alcohol fuel cells [24], proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells [25, 26], solid oxide fuel cells [27], and solar cells [28], humidity and chemical sensors [29–31], dye-degradation [32], and sunscreen cosmetics [33]. Cerium oxide with a cubic fluorite structure in the reduced state has two charge states of Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺, resulting in oxygen vacancies which contribute to large oxygen storage capacity [34, 35]. Properties of nanocrystalline CeO₂ were reported to be different from those of microcrystalline counterpart in ionic conductivity and chemical reactivity [36].

In this work nanocrystalline CeO₂ layers of various thicknesses were prepared on titanium by electrodeposition in isobutanol of three concentrations of Ce³⁺ ions at 31.6 V, similarly to nanocrystalline lanthanum oxide and lanthanum oxycarbonate layers prepared at much higher voltages ranging from 200 to 1000 V [37]. Three concentrations of Ce³⁺ ions used in the electrodeposition were 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL and currents were monitored during the electrodeposition. Deposition times ranged from 0.5 to 8 h. The as-prepared layers were then calcined at 700 K for 30 min. The morphology and composition of the deposition layers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Effects of electrodeposition concentration and time on morphology of calcined layers and electrodeposition efficiency were investigated. Concurrently, structural data for as-prepared and calcined layers of nanocrystalline CeO₂ were deduced.

2. Experimental Details

Cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, ≥99.0%, Fluka) powder was dissolved in a minimal amount of distilled water and further in isobutanol. The aqueous-organic mixture was evaporated by heating above 94°C to its nearly dried state, whose composition was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha⁺ spectrometer) with an Al Kα microfocused monochromator. The dried cerium nitrate precursor was dissolved in isobutanol and the resulting solutions with concentrations of Ce³⁺ ions of 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL, corresponding to 0.33, 0.66, and 14.5 mM, respectively, were used in the electrodeposition.

The electrodeposition was carried out at room temperature in a cell which was made of Teflon and used in the previous study [37]. The electrodeposition area was 3.14 cm² and the distance between the electrodes was 10 mm. The cell was filled up to 3.5 mL with the organic cerium nitrate solution. Polished titanium foils were used as anodes and cathodes whose typical thickness was 11.4 μm. The titanium electrodes were washed consecutively by nitric acid, distilled water, and ethanol before being assembled into the cell. Voltage of the electrodeposition performed at room temperature was 31.6 V. The electrodeposition times of each concentration were 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The currents were monitored during the deposition time. Layers of deposited cerium oxide were washed consecutively by distilled water and ethanol. After being washed they were kept in ethanol for 24 h in order to remove the residual nitrate electrolyte and dried for 12 h in a drying oven at 50°C. The electrodeposited layers were calcined at 700 K for 30 min. Figure 1 shows the steps involved for syntheses of CeO₂ layers.

Morphology and surface compositions of electrodeposition layers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4300) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha). Their corresponding compositions and structural data with average crystalline sizes were determined from measurements by X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical X’pert PRO MPD) with wavelength of Cu K_α, 1.5405 Å.

3. Results and Discussion

XPS spectrum of the cerium nitrate precursor with isobutanol dried on a Ti foil is shown in Figure 2(a). XPS spectra of electrodeposited layers are shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c) which were obtained as prepared and calcined at 700 K for 30 min, respectively. Figure 2(a) shows photoelectron peaks of bulk Ce 3d, 4p, and 4d, O 1s, N 1s, and C 1s along with Ti 2p arising from a titanium foil. The N 1s, O 1s, and C 1s peaks were due mainly to nitrate and isobutanol. Any significant impurities were not found in the cerium nitrate precursor. Figures 2(b) and 2(c) show photoelectron peaks of Ce 3d, 4p, and 4d, O 1s, and C 1s and their corresponding elemental compositions are listed in Table 1. As shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c) and Table 1, the carbon and oxygen contents in the layers decreased after calcination.

The Ce 3d_5/2 and 3d_3/2 peaks with their corresponding satellite peaks in Figure 2 are expanded over the binding energy range of 925–875 eV in Figure 3. The Ce 3d_5/2 main peaks for the cerium nitrate precursor and two layers in Figure 3 are at 882.9, 882.8, and 882.8 eV, respectively, while their corresponding 3d_3/2 peaks are at 900.2, 901.3, and 901.2 eV, respectively. The Ce 3d peaks for the layers in Figures 3(b) and 3(c) match well within 0.1 eV, implying that they have the same chemical composition regardless of the calcination. The separation between Ce 3d_5/2 and 3d_3/2 peaks in the layers with or without calcination is 18.4–18.5 eV and the corresponding separation in the cerium nitrate precursor is 17.3 eV. The Ce 3d satellite peaks for the calcined layer are located at 888.0 and 898.4 eV for Ce 3d_5/2 and at 906.4 and 916.9 eV for 3d_3/2, while those for the as-prepared layer appear at 887.7 and 898.5 eV for Ce 3d_5/2 and at 905.8 and 917.0 eV for 3d_3/2. They agree well within 0.1–0.6 eV. The broad Ce 3d peaks of the cerium nitrate precursor in Figure 3(a) reveal its bulk properties.

A wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the cerium nitrate precursor with isobutanol dried on a Ti foil is shown in Figure 4(a). XRD patterns of electrodeposition layers are shown in Figures 4(b) and 4(c), which were obtained as prepared and calcined at 700 K for 30 min, respectively. Figures 4(a)–4(c) show hexagonal Ti with crystal faces of (100), (002), (101), (102), and (110) due to Ti cathode foils. The as-prepared layer in Figure 4(b) shows diffraction peaks at 2θ = 28.4°, 32.8°, 47.2°, and 56.3°, which amount to (111), (200), (220), and (311) reflections of the cubic structure of CeO₂ (JCPDS card number 34-0394). The calcined layer in Figure 4(c) shows diffraction peaks at 2θ = 28.5°, 33.0°, 47.4°, 56.3°, and 59.2°, which amount to (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) reflections of the cubic CeO₂. There are no traces of diffraction peaks of Ce₂O₃ in Figures 4(b) and 4(c), implying that the nanoparticles in the as-prepared and calcined layers were mainly CeO₂. The average crystallite size was estimated using Scherrer equation [17, 20, 37–39]:where is the average crystallite size, is the dimensionless shape factor whose typical value is about 0.9, is the X-ray wavelength used in XRD (Cu K_α = 1.5405 Å), is the broadening of the observed diffraction line at half the maximum intensity in radians, and is the Bragg angle. The average crystallite sizes of the as-prepared and calcined layers were estimated using (1) and concurrently structural data such as lattice parameter, dislocation density, strain, stacking fault, and texture coefficient were estimated and listed in Table 2.

The average crystallite sizes of the as-prepared CeO₂ layer in Table 2 were deduced from (111), (200), (220), and (311) reflections at 2θ = 28.4°, 32.8°, 47.2°, and 56.3°, respectively, while those of the calcined layer were deduced from its corresponding reflections at 2θ = 28.5°, 33.0°, 47.4°, and 56.3°. The additional structural parameters such as lattice parameter , dislocation density δ, strain ε, stacking fault (SF), and texture coefficient (TC) were estimated using the following relations [17, 39]:where is the X-ray wavelength used in XRD (Cu K_α = 1.5405 Å), is the broadening of the observed diffraction line at half the maximum intensity in radians, is the Bragg angle, is the average crystallite size, are Miller indices, is the number of diffraction peaks, and and are observed and sample intensities, respectively. Table 2 shows that the average crystalline size for the (111) crystal face increased from 3.63 to 6.99 nm through the 30 min calcination process at 700 K, while the corresponding lattice parameter decreased from 5.441 to 5.428 Å. The dislocation density δ for the (111) face was reduced from 0.07587 to 0.02046 nm⁻² and its corresponding microstrain decreased from 0.00955 to 0.00496. Consequently the stacking fault for the (111) face was reduced from 0.01983 to 0.01029 even though the corresponding texture coefficient decreased only by about 4.5%.

SEM micrographs of CeO₂ layers obtained by 0.5 or 8 h electrodeposition with 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL of Ce³⁺ ions and subsequent 30 min calcination at 700 K are shown in Figure 5. The CeO₂ layers of the 30 min electrodeposition in Figures 5(a), 5(c), and 5(e) contain agglomerates with sizes ranging from 7 to 73, 7 to 94, and 7 to 146 nm, respectively, indicating that the sizes of agglomerates increase as the concentration of Ce³⁺ ions increases. At the 8 h electrodepositions in Figures 5(b), 5(d), and 5(f), the sizes of agglomerates increase to 209, 251, and 262 nm, respectively. The sizes of calcined CeO₂ agglomerates increased at higher concentrations and longer electrodeposition times even though the typical sizes of the corresponding as-prepared CeO₂ particles were measured from their SEM data to be in the vicinity of 4 nm regardless of the concentration and deposition time.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Currents of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h electrodepositions at 31.6 V with 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL of Ce³⁺ ions are shown in Figures 6–10, respectively. Figure 6 shows that the currents of 0.5 h electrodepositions at 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL increase from 27 to 50, 32 to 62, and 356 to 643 μA, respectively. In Figure 7, the currents of 2 h electrodepositions at 0.046 and 0.092 mg/mL increase from 26 to 90 and 51 to 132 μA, respectively, while the corresponding currents at 2.0 mg/mL increase gradually from 367 to 768 μA for 65 min and slowly to 783 μA for 30 min and slowly decrease to 741 μA. In Figure 8, the currents of 4 h electrodepositions at 0.046 and 0.092 mg/mL increase with minor variations from 53 to 133 and 58 to 144 μA, respectively, while the corresponding currents at 2.0 mg/mL increase gradually from 388 to 739 μA for 45 min, decrease slowly to 645 μA for 75 min, increase sharply to 803 μA for 5 min, and then decrease slowly to 613 μA with some fluctuations. In Figure 9, the currents of 6 h electrodeposition at 0.046 mg/mL increase from 60 to 109 μA for 260 min and slowly decrease to 88 μA with minor variations, and those at 0.092 mg/mL slowly increase from 64 to 90 μA for 160 min, then increase sharply to 208 μA and drop to 176 μA for 5 min, and decrease slowly to 161 μA, while those at 2.0 mg/mL increase sharply from 303 to 467 μA for 25 min, decrease to 409 μA for 20 min, then increase to 468 μA after 20 min, decrease gradually to 319 μA for 65 min, and remain steady. Figure 10 shows that the currents of 8 h electrodepositions at 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL increase with minor variations from 68 to 127, 110 to 250, and 272 to 314 μA, respectively. The higher concentrations of Ce³⁺ ions induced the higher currents due to the increase of cerium ions.

Thicknesses and yields of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h electrodepositions at 31.6 V with 0.046, 0.092, and 2.0 mg/mL of Ce³⁺ ions are shown in Figures 11–13 and Table 3, respectively. The yields of 0.5, 2, and 4 h electrodepositions at 0.046 mg/mL in Figure 11 are ~24, ~91, and ≥100%, respectively. Their corresponding thicknesses were 0.015, 0.057, and 0.067 mg/cm², respectively, implying that the deposition efficiency was highest at 0.5 h deposition and sharply decreased after 2 h. The yields of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h electrodepositions at 0.092 mg/mL in Figure 12 and Table 3 are 17, 40, 72, 78, and ≥100%, respectively. Their corresponding thicknesses were 0.021, 0.050, 0.090, 0.099, and 0.150 mg/cm², respectively, implying that the deposition efficiency was highest at 0.5 h deposition. Figure 13 shows that the yields of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h electrodepositions at 2.0 mg/mL are 6, 15, 16, 15, and 13%, respectively. Their corresponding thicknesses were 0.16, 0.40, 0.43, 0.42, and 0.35 mg/cm², respectively, implying that the deposition efficiency was highest at 0.5 h electrodeposition as observed at the lower concentrations. The deposition efficiency was highest at 0.5 h deposition at all three concentrations. The 0.5 h electrodeposition at the highest concentration is suitable for preparation of thicker layers of cerium dioxide.

Similar results for XPS and XRD of as-prepared samples were observed irrespective of currents and deposition times. Typical particle sizes of as-prepared and calcined cerium dioxide samples shown in the corresponding SEM data were 4 and 7 nm, respectively, regardless of their concentrations, indicating that nucleation was driven mainly by the applied potential. However, the deposition time affected the size of calcined agglomerates, showing that longer deposition times increase the corresponding sizes.

4. Conclusions

Layers of CeO₂ nanoparticles with thicknesses ranging from 0.021 to 0.43 mg/cm² were prepared on titanium by electrodeposition with isobutanol solution and subsequent calcination. As-prepared and calcined deposited layers turned out to be cubic CeO₂. The average crystallite size increased from 4 to 7 nm through calcination at 700 K for 30 min irrespective of the concentration and the current. Structural parameters such as lattice parameter, dislocation density, strain, and stacking factors were reduced by the calcination. The deposition time affected the size of calcined agglomerates as longer deposition times increased the corresponding sizes.

The electrodeposition efficiency was highest at 0.5 h deposition at all three concentrations. The 0.5 h electrodeposition at the highest concentration is suitable for preparation of thicker layers of cerium dioxide, which are to be used in the investigation of cross sections of ¹⁴²Pr produced in the proton-induced reaction with cerium.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by AMIE Fund.

References

M. Furukawa, “Excitation functions for proton-induced reactions of ¹⁴⁰Ce and ¹⁴²Ce up to E_p = 15 MeV,” Nuclear Physics, Section A, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 253–260, 1967.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. V. Verdieck and J. M. Miller, “Radiative capture and neutron emission in La¹³⁹+α and Ce¹⁴²+p,” Physical Review, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 1253–1261, 1967.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. G. Blosser and T. H. Handley, “Survey of (p,n) reactions at 12 Mev,” Physical Review, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 1340–1344, 1955.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Kopecky, F. Szelecsényi, T. Molnár, P. Mikecz, and F. Tárkányi, “Excitation functions of (p, xn) reactions on ^natTi: monitoring of bombarding proton beams,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 687–692, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. U. Khandaker, K. Kim, M. W. Lee et al., “Investigations of the ^natTi(p,x)^{43,44m,44g,46,47,48}Sc,⁴⁸V nuclear processes up to 40 MeV,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 67, no. 7-8, pp. 1348–1354, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Hermanne, F. Tárkányi, S. Takács, F. Ditrói, and N. Amjed, “Excitation functions for production of ⁴⁶Sc by deuteron and proton beams in ^natTi: A basis for additional monitor reactions,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol. 338, pp. 31–41, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Stefanov, G. Atanasova, D. Stoychev, and T. Marinova, “Electrochemical deposition of CeO₂ on ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ thin films formed on stainless steel,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 180-181, pp. 446–449, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Nikolova, E. Stoyanova, D. Stoychev, P. Stefanov, and T. Marinova, “Anodic behaviour of stainless steel covered with an electrochemically deposited Ce₂O₃-CeO₂ film,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 201, no. 3-4, pp. 1559–1567, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yang, X. Pang, G. Fox-Rabinovich, S. Veldhuis, and I. Zhitomirsky, “Electrodeposition of cerium oxide films and composites,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 206, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Panahi-Kalamuei, S. Alizadeh, M. Mousavi-Kamazani, and M. Salavati-Niasari, “Synthesis and characterization of CeO₂ nanoparticles via hydrothermal route,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 21, pp. 1301–1305, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Wang, R. Fromknecht, and G. Linker, “Preparation of biaxially textured CeO₂ buffer layers by ion beam-assisted deposition,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 158-159, pp. 548–551, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Zhao, A. Ito, R. Tu, and T. Goto, “High-speed epitaxial growth of (100)-oriented CeO₂ film on r-cut sapphire by laser chemical vapor deposition,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 205, no. 16, pp. 4079–4082, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Zhao, A. Ito, and T. Goto, “Laser chemical vapor deposition of single-crystalline transparent CeO₂ films,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 235, pp. 273–276, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Zhao, A. Ito, R. Tu, and T. Goto, “Preparation of highly (100)-oriented CeO₂ films on polycrystalline Al₂O₃ substrates by laser chemical vapor deposition,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 204, no. 21-22, pp. 3619–3622, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yang, C. Huang, A. Tang, X. Zhang, and W. Yang, “Microwave-assisted synthesis of ceria nanoparticles,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1690–1695, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, M. Mazaheri, M. Aminzare, and S. K. Sadrnezhaad, “Reverse precipitation synthesis and characterization of CeO₂ nanopowder,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 491, no. 1-2, pp. 499–502, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Suresh, V. Ponnuswamy, and R. Mariappan, “Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructural, optical and electrical properties of CeO₂ nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 273, pp. 457–464, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I.-W. Park, J. Lin, J. J. Moore et al., “Grain growth and mechanical properties of CeO₂-x films deposited on Si(100) substrates by pulsed dc magnetron sputtering,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 217, pp. 34–38, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H.-Y. Lee, S.-I. Kim, Y.-P. Hong, Y.-C. Lee, Y.-H. Park, and K.-H. Ko, “Controlling the texture of CeO₂ films by room temperature RF magnetron sputtering,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 173, no. 2-3, pp. 224–228, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. L. Lavčević, A. Turković, P. Dubček, and S. Bernstorff, “Nanostructured CeO₂ thin films: A SAXS study of the interface between grains and pores,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 515, no. 14, pp. 5624–5626, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D.-J. Guo and Z.-H. Jing, “A novel co-precipitation method for preparation of Pt-CeO₂ composites on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for direct methanol fuel cells,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 12, pp. 3802–3805, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Kunitomo, H. Ishitobi, and N. Nakagawa, “Optimized CeO₂ content of the carbon nanofiber support of PtRu catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 297, pp. 400–407, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Feng, T. Takeuchi, M. A. Abdelkareem, T. Tsujiguchi, and N. Nakagawa, “Carbon-CeO₂ composite nanofibers as a promising support for a PtRu anode catalyst in a direct methanol fuel cell,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 242, pp. 57–64, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Yu and J. Xi, “CeO₂ nanoparticles improved Pt-based catalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, no. 21, pp. 15938–15947, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Xu, R. Xu, and S. Mu, “Enhanced SO2 and CO poisoning resistance of CeO₂ modified Pt/C catalysts applied in PEM fuel cells,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 112, pp. 304–309, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wang, H. Tang, H. Zhang et al., “Synthesis of Nafion/CeO₂ hybrid for chemically durable proton exchange membrane of fuel cell,” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 421-422, pp. 201–210, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Désaunay, A. Ringuedé, M. Cassir, F. Labat, and C. Adamo, “Modeling basic components of solid oxide fuel cells using density functional theory: Bulk and surface properties of CeO₂,” Surface Science, vol. 606, no. 3-4, pp. 305–311, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Corma, P. Atienzar, H. García, and J.-Y. Chane-Ching, “Hierarchically mesostructured doped CeO₂ with potential for solar-cell use,” Nature Materials, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 394–397, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Xie, B. Liu, S. Xiao et al., “High performance humidity sensors based on CeO₂ nanoparticles,” Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, vol. 215, pp. 125–132, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Zhu, Y. Fu, W. Zang, Y. Zhao, L. Xing, and X. Xue, “Piezo/active humidity sensing of CeO₂/ZnO and SnO₂/ZnO nanoarray nanogenerators with high response and large detecting range,” Sensors and Actuators B, vol. 205, pp. 12–19, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Umar, R. Kumar, M. S. Akhtar, G. Kumar, and S. H. Kim, “Growth and properties of well-crystalline cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoflakes for environmental and sensor applications,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 454, pp. 61–68, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Mingyan, Z. Wei, Z. Dongen et al., “CeO₂ hollow nanospheres decorated reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient photocatalytic dye-degradation,” Materials Letters, vol. 137, pp. 229–232, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Yabe and T. Sato, “Cerium oxide for sunscreen cosmetics,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 171, no. 1-2, pp. 7–11, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. T. Campbell and C. H. F. Peden, “Oxygen vacancies and catalysis on ceria surfaces,” Science, vol. 309, no. 5735, pp. 713-714, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Wang, Y. Chang, L. Lv, and Y. Long, “Effect of annealing temperature on oxygen vacancy concentrations of nanocrystalline CeO₂ film,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 351, pp. 164–168, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Kosacki, T. Suzuki, V. Petrovsky, and H. U. Anderson, “Electrical conductivity of nanocrystalline ceria and zirconia thin films,” Solid State Ionics, vol. 136-137, pp. 1225–1233, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Choi and Y. H. Chung, “Preparation of lanthanum oxide and lanthanum oxycarbonate layers on titanium by electrodeposition with organic solution,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2016, pp. 1–13, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Esther Jeyanthi, R. Siddheswaran, R. Medlín, M. Karl Chinnu, R. Jayavel, and K. Rajarajan, “Electrochemical and structural analysis of the RE³⁺:CeO₂ nanopowders from combustion synthesis,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 614, pp. 118–125, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Malleshappa, H. Nagabhushana, S. C. Sharma et al., “Leucas aspera mediated multifunctional CeO₂ nanoparticles: Structural, photoluminescent, photocatalytic and antibacterial properties,” Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 149, pp. 452–462, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2017 Vaijayanti Namdeo Nande et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1171

Downloads

860

Citations