Anthocyanin-Sensitized TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Phenazopyridine Photodegradation under Solar Simulated Light

Table 1

General description for different TiO₂ solid systems examined as photodegradation catalyst.

	Commercial TiO2	Lab prepared TiO2	AC/TiO2	AC/TiO2/Anthocyanin
Preparation method	Hard-templating technique	Sol-gel	Sol-gel precipitation onto AC	Chemisorption of dye onto AC/TiO2 solid
TiO2 Particle size	100 nm	37 nm; Inside larger agglomerates	37 nm; Inside larger agglomerates	20 nm; Inside larger agglomerates
Band gap value; (based on PL and absorption spectra)	3.0 eV	3.05 eV	3.05 EV	3.05 eV for TiO2; (2.13 eV for anthocyanin)
Photo-catalytic efficiency under UV	-	Effective	Effective	Effective
Photo-catalytic efficiency under visible	-	Non-effective	Non-effective	Effective
TiO2 stability under reaction	-	Stable	Stable	Stable; (Dye degrades; can be regenerated)