Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the magnetic characteristics of ferrites in the CoO-NiO-ZnO system by the simplex method. Ferrites of Ni-Zn, Co-Zn, and Co-Ni were synthesized in the form of nanoparticles (20-40 nm) using a new method for processing contact nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma (CNP). The effect of the mutual influence of the contents of different cations on the saturation magnetization and the coercive field was investigated using the simplex-lattice method. A magnetic investigation using a vibrational magnetometer shows that low magnetization values are observed for Ni-Zn ferrites and high for the entire Co-Zn and Co-Ni ferrite series. EPR spectra show that the value of the resonant field and line width corresponds to the value of magnetic saturation and is due to the arrangement of cations on sublattices.
1. Introduction
Oxides of composition MeFe2O4 (Me-Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+) have important technological properties. For example, ferrites of transition metals with a spinel structure are used as magnetic electrical materials [1, 2] catalysts of a number of reactions [3, 4]. Technological operations for the synthesis of such compounds require, as a rule, the use of high-temperature heat treatment and complex hardware. In this case, both traditional ceramic (from metal oxides) methods and novel technologies are used. For example, in the synthesis of nickel (II) ferrite, cobalt (II) and zinc (II), and hydrothermal methods [5], microwave treatment [6] is used. The attention of chemists is concentrated on the development of new methods for obtaining ferrites of transition materials with a given set of properties. A characteristic trend of recent times is the development of technologies for obtaining nanodispersed ferrites.
It is known that nanosized spinel ferrites exhibit properties and phenomena that cannot be explained on the basis of the structure and properties of the consolidated substance [1, 2]. Thus, the transition of ferrites of transition metals to a nanoscale state is accompanied by a significant change in their magnetic properties (coercive field, magnetization magnitudes, crystallographic anisotropy, and Curie temperature). And their properties essentially depend on the technology of obtaining samples. The authors of [7] point out that the effect of size effects in the synthesis of nanoscale ferrospinels by coprecipitation of salt solutions with the use of additional high-energy short-term exposures is much stronger than in the case of using traditional technologies. The creation of adequate models of the magnetic state of such materials is one of the urgent problems of materials science. This is due both to the wide possibilities of their practical use and to the need to develop theoretical ideas about the effect of dimensional and surface effects on magnetic properties [8, 9]. There is no unified theory that explains the variation of magnetic properties over a wide range. At present, there are basic theories. The “shell” model gives a qualitative explanation of the effect of decreasing magnetization with decreasing particle sizes. Neel’s theory establishes the dependence of the magnetization on the distribution of cations over the sublattices. A theory is known [10] about the formation of the magnetic properties of nanosized ferrimagnets due to the anisotropy induced by internal elastic microstrains.
The aim of this work is to establish the relationship between the magnetic characteristics of ferrites of the composition MeFe2O4 (Me-Ni, Co, Zn) and structural characteristics obtained by processing a contact nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma.
2. Materials and Methods
In order to reduce energy consumption, temperature, and time of synthesis in the production of ferrites of different composition, in this work, a method of precipitation of hydroxides was used, followed by treatment of the suspension with CNP, washing, and drying.
Reagent grade FeSO4⋅7H2O, NiSO4⋅7H2O, CoSO4⋅7H2O, and ZnSO4⋅7H2O were used as the starting materials.
The hydroxide sol which was obtained by alkali precipitation was treated with contact low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma in a laboratory plasma chemical plant, which consists of a single-stage plasma reactor of a discrete type, a step-up transformer, an ignition transformer, and a vacuum pump. After treatment, the resulting precipitate was washed and dried for further investigation. Plasma-chemical treatment of suspensions was carried out in a gas-liquid plasma-chemical reactor of periodic action. The reactor is made of glass and is equipped with an external jacket for thermostating the medium to be treated. Electrodes of stainless steel are placed in the lower and upper part of the reactor. 40 cm3 of slurry was poured into the reactor; the anode position was adjusted so that the distance between its lower base and the surface of the liquid was 10.0 mm. The plasma column formed as a result of breakdown was a tool for processing. To obtain a plasma discharge, the pressure in the reactor was maintained at 0.08 MPa. Electrodes were supplied with a direct current with a voltage in the range of 500-600 V, the value of which was varied so that the current strength in the circuit was 100-150 mA.
X-ray diffraction patterns of the pigments were obtained on a DRON-2.0 instrument in monochromatized Coα radiation. The lattice parameter was calculated from the Selyakov-Scherrer equation.
The determination of the magnetic characteristics was carried out using a vibration magnetometer. A change in the solution medium was observed at regular intervals using a pH meter-pH-150 MI. EPR spectra were obtained using a Radiopan SE/X-2543 radio spectrometer. The signal strength, the resonant magnetic field, and the signal width were used to characterize the ESR signals.
Simplex-lattice design was used to study the effect of the composition on the properties of ferrites, requiring a minimum number of experiments to study the influence of factors on the selected response functions [11]. The molar concentrations of cobalt, nickel, and zinc cations, respectively, were chosen as factors x1, x2, and x3. The design of the experiment is shown in Table 1.
The upper and lower limits of each component were distributed as follows:
Iron cation content is 0.67 (%). Three components of the model recipes changed simultaneously.
When studying the properties of a mixture, depending on the content of the components in it, the factor space can be represented as a regular simplex. An example of a simplex in two-dimensional space is a regular triangle.
For mixtures, the following relation holds: where xi ≥ 0 is the content of components; N is the number of components.
If at each vertex of the simplex we take the content of one of the components of the mixture as 1, then in the above-mentioned normalization condition, all the points located inside the two-dimensional regular simplex whose number of vertices equals the number of components of the mixture will satisfy. For example, in our case, this simplex is an equilateral triangle.
To each point of such a simplex, there corresponds a mixture of the corresponding composition, and any combination of the relative content of the components corresponds to a specific point on the simplex.
When planning the experiment in the form of “composition-property” diagrams, it is assumed that the property under investigation is a continuous function of the argument and is described with sufficient accuracy by the polynomial. The response surfaces in multicomponent systems have a complicated form and, for an adequate description of them, the necessary polynomials of a high degree.
For three-component mixtures, we write down a possible polynomial ()
Calculation of the coefficients in the regression equation and checking its adequacy were carried out using the program STATISTICA 12.
The response surface in the composition-property diagrams was represented using isolines. The response functions were coercive field (Hc), saturation magnetization (Ms), resonant field (HR), width of the EPR peak (ΔHpp), and intensity of the EPR peak of the spectrum (I, a.u.).
3. Results and Discussion
The magnetic properties of ferrites obtained under the action of CNP on the suspension of iron(II) and Me(II) polyhydroxides complexes are dependent on the pH of the solution of the iron(II) salt or the Fe(OH)2 suspension, the temperature of the reaction medium, the rate of oxidation, its activity and efficiency distribution in the reaction medium, and the concentration of iron(II) ions in the solution or iron(II) hydroxide in suspension [12–15]. But one of the most important factors is the cationic composition of ferrites [16–22]. In accordance with the simplex method, ten samples were synthesized and their properties were investigated.
Better samples are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. All results are shown in Table 2.
Mathematical processing of the experimental data using the program STATISTICA 12 allowed obtaining regression equations adequately describing the relationship between the magnetic indices and the composition of prototypes.
The resulting regression equations were used to construct isolines of the magnetic characteristics of ferrites in the factorial space under study (Figures 3 and 4).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The highest value of the coercive field corresponds to the composition containing the maximum number of cobalt cations. An increase in the content of cobalt cations leads to an increase in the coercive field in all compositions. A positive effect of nickel cations on the saturation magnetization of ferrites along the side of the triangle Ni-Zn and opposite on the Ni-Co side was also observed (Figure 4).
Moreover, the value of the saturation magnetization depends more on the content of cobalt cations. The highest magnetic indices correspond to the maximum content of cobalt. Thus, magnetic ferrites with an increased coercive field correspond to compositions 1,2,3, and magnetic ferrites with low coercive field 4,5,6,7. In the diagrams, an equilateral triangle with coordinates of the vertices of Co (1,0,0) -Ni (0.75,0,0) -Zn (0.25,0,0) can be identified, which corresponds to a region of higher values of the saturation magnetization.
Comparison of the main characteristics on the EPR spectra with magnetic properties makes it possible to explain the mechanism of action and to establish the contribution of the presence of ferrimagnetic cations and the degree of inversion of spinel. X-ray phase analysis showed that the samples contain the ferromagnetic phase probably MeFe2O4 and antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3.
The magnetic characteristics correspond to the data of X-ray phase analysis and EPR data (Figures 4 and 5).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
All EPR spectra have a symmetric broad resonance signal, but their line width (ΔHpp) and resonant magnetic field (HR) are very different (Table 2). It can be seen from Figures 5(a) and 5(b) that there is an increase in the resonance field and a change in the line width with an increase in the molar concentration of cobalt and nickel cations. It is seen that ΔHpp is narrow; the intensity of the peaks is larger for a higher concentration of Zn. The spectrum of the cobalt ferrite sample shows a rather wide signal (ΔHpp = 398.7 mT). It is interesting that the effect of cobalt cations on the main characteristics of the EPR spectrum is much more significant than that of nickel. Consider the equation [21] where ΔHpp is the width of the EPR line of the spectrum, K1 is the anisotropy, p is the porosity, Не is the noneddy currents, and Нid is the inhomogeneous demagnetization.
Earlier studies have shown that the magnetic parameters of ferrites, in the system CoO-NiO, -ZnO, depend on the composition. An increase in the cobalt content in the system leads to an increase in the coercive field and the saturation magnetization. The increase in the content of cobalt cations in ferrites from 0 to 1.0 mol. shares causes a significant increase in the coercive field from 2-3 to 1140 Oe. This fact is confirmed by a shift in the values of the lattice parameter d (8.35 A) to a region of lower values (8.32 A) as well as an increase in the bandwidth on the EPR spectrum.
From the values of coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms), the value of the anisotropy constant K1 can be calculated using the following relation:
Then
Taking into account that the largest value of the anisotropy constant corresponds to cobalt-containing ferrites, the contribution of the first term to equation (6) is the greatest. This determines a fairly broad peak of the EPR spectrum for samples 1-3.
The composition-property diagrams for the value of the resonance field and the line width correlate with the diagram for magnetic saturation. The resonant magnetic field increases with increasing content in cobalt and nickel samples. Reducing the width of the line, i.e., the narrowing of the derivative of the resonance signal with increasing content of Zn2+ and Ni2+ is associated with various causes. For zinc cations, first of all, these are their diamagnetic properties. For Ni2+ ions, this can be caused by their redistribution along sublattices and a decrease in the magnetic moment of the sublattice B, taking into account the vacancies formed. This causes a general decrease in the magnetic moment. In accordance with this, a decrease in the resonant field for nickel ferrite occurs in accordance with formula
With an increase in the content of zinc cations, an increase in the intensity of the peaks and their narrowing are observed. Since the anisotropy constant for zinc ferrite is the smallest, it can be assumed that this is primarily due to the decrease of the first term in equation (6); the second term is also small, so the total value is also small. In these systems, the concentration of diamagnetic Zn2+ ions plays a decisive role. The existing dependence of Hpp on the concentration of Zn is due to the superexchange interaction between Ni2+ and Fe2+ through nonmagnetic O2− ions.
Almost complete coincidence of the isolines for the graphs Ms = f (Ni, Co, Zn) and Hr = f (Ni, Co, Zn) makes it possible to assume that the main factor determining the ferrite magnet is the cation distribution over the sublattices with allowance for the concentration of diamagnetic ions.
4. Conclusions
The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the magnetic characteristics of ferrites in the Fe2O3-CoO-ZnO system by the simplex method. Ferrites of Ni-Zn, Co-Zn, and Co-Ni were synthesized in the form of nanoparticles using a new method for processing contact nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma. The crystalline, magnetic, and microstructure of the finished crystallites were elucidated using several methods. The macroscopic characteristics of magnetic materials are inherently rooted in their atomic structure. Understanding the crystal structure is necessary for the synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials with optimal properties. For spinel ferrites, in particular, the choice of a bivalent cation and its distribution between the tetrahedral and octahedral sites directly determine their magnetic behavior. The effect of the mutual influence of the content of different cations on the saturation magnetization and the coercive field was investigated using the simplex-lattice method. A magnetic investigation using a vibrational magnetometer shows that under these synthesis conditions, low magnetization values for Ni-Zn ferrites and high magnetization values for the whole Co-Zn and Co-Ni ferrite series are observed. The EPR spectra show that the value of the resonant field and line width corresponds to the value of the magnetic saturation. In this work, a new method of synthesis of combustion is the nanoferrite used to produce Ni-Zn. The EPR spectra of ferrites are explained on the basis of superexchange interaction.
Data Availability
Previously described method simplex-lattice design was used to support this study and is available at https://books.google.com.ua/. This prior study is cited at the relevant place within the text as reference [11].
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.