Low-Temperature Deposition Manufacturing: A Versatile Material Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Technology for Fabricating Hierarchically Porous Materials

Figure 1

Examples of interconnected porous tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing technologies. (a) 0°-90° crossing, (b) 0°-60°-120° crossing, (c, d) PCL scaffolds (0°-90° crossing) by fused deposition modelling (FDM), (e, f) PCL scaffolds (0°-60°-120° crossing) by FDM [20], (g, h) poly(D,L)-lactide (PDLLA) scaffolds by stereolithography [32], (i–k) poly(vinyl alcohol)/β-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffold (PVA/β-TCP) by FDM [21], and (l) porous 45S5 bioglass scaffold by SLA [33]. Reproduced with permission.

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