Improving Electrochemical Activity in a Semi-V-I Redox Flow Battery by Using a C–TiO₂–Pd Composite Electrode

Table 5

Charge-discharge performance of all-VRFB and semi-V-I RFB stacks.

Types of battery		CE (%)	VE (%)	EE (%)	Capacity (mAh)	Charge voltage (V)
Single cell	All-VRFB	79	78	62	139	1.80
	Semi-V-I RFB	96	87	83	147	1.20
Series of two cells	All-VRFB	73	57	41	100	3.60
	Semi-V-I RFB	92	73	67	100	2.40
Parallel of two cells	All-VRFB	65	69	45	137	1.80
	Semi-V-I RFB	73	57	41	162	1.20