Exosome: A Novel Nanocarrier Delivering Noncoding RNA for Bone Tissue Engineering

Table 2

List of miRNAs in bone formation.

miRNA	Target genes	Cell type	Mechanism and result	Ref.
miR-221	ZFPM2, Runx2	Osteoblasts	miR-221 inhibited osteoblast differentiation by targeting ZFPM2 and Runx2 to reduce the expression levels of osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and collagen, type I, α1 (COL1A1).	[56, 57]
miR-218	Runx2	Osteoclasts	miR-218 participated in the negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by inhibiting the p38MAPK-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling pathway.	[60, 61]
miR-210	Runx2	MSCs	Overexpression of miR-210 in MSC led to the differentiation of MSC into osteoblasts by upregulating Runx2, ALP, and osteocalcin.	[62]
miR-145	Smad3, SEMA3A	BMSCs	MicroRNA-145 suppressed osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs partially via targeting Smad3 and SEMA3A.	[63]
miR-143-3p	BMPR2	BMSCs	miR-143-3p regulated the early chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs and promoted cartilage damage repair by targeting BMPR2.	[64, 65]
miR-542-3p	SFRP1	Osteoblasts	miR-542-3p prevented ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats by targeting SFRP1.	[88]
miR-433-3p	DDK1	Osteoblasts	MicroRNA-433-3p promoted osteoblast differentiation through targeting DKK1.	[89]
miR-133a-5p	Runx2	Osteoblasts	miR-133a-5p inhibited the expression of osteoblast differentiation-associated markers by targeting the 3’ UTR of RUNX2.	[58]
miR-467g	Ihh/Runx-2	Osteoblasts	miR-467g inhibited new bone regeneration by targeting Ihh/Runx-2 signaling.	[59]
miR-208a-3p	ACVR1	Osteoblasts	miR-208a-3p suppresses osteoblast differentiation and inhibits bone formation by targeting ACVR1.	[90]

MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.