Effect of Coupling Agent on Softwood Kraft Nanocellulose Fibril-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposite

Table 3

Atomic % concentration, binding energy (BE), and bond type of C1s and O1s orbitals.

Bond type	Neat PLA		PLA-6% NCF		PLA-6%NCF-3%MA
	BE (eV)	Atomic % concentration	BE (eV)	Atomic % concentration	BE (eV)	Atomic % concentration
O1s	532.33	22.74	532.31	26.93	532.29	34.59
C1s	284.83	77.01	284.79	72.89	284.95	65.25
O1s_1_O=C	532.09	12.61	532.07	13.82	532.05	14.81
O1s_2_O-C	533.42	10.15	533.33	13.19	533.38	19.70
C1s_1_C-C	284.79	54.65	248.68	47.95	248.85	33.39
C1s_2_C-O	286.38	13.36	286.32	15.35	286.34	18.26
C1s_3_O-C=O	288.90	8.98	288.82	9.67	288.85	13.69