Recent Advances on Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Infections

Table 2

Conventional drugs used in the treatment of CoV infections.

Type of treatments	Drugs	Mechanism of action	Ref.
Antivirals	Lopinavir/ritonavir	Protease inhibitor that interferes with the replication and synthesis of CoVs (bind to the endopeptidase C30 of SARS-CoV-2 protease as evaluated by molecular models)	[107, 108]
	Ribavirin or tribavirin	Prevention of RNA and DNA replication (interferes with RNA metabolism required for viral replication)	[15, 37]
	Favipiravir	RNA polymerase inhibitors; prevents replication of the viral genome	[109]
	Remdesivir	Prevention of RNA and DNA replication (interferes with RNA metabolism required for viral replication)	[110]
	Oseltamivir	Inhibiting the activity of the viral neuraminidase enzyme found on the surface of the virus which prevents budding from the host cell, viral replication, and infectivity	[111]
	Interferon alfa (multiferon)	IFNα suppresses viral infection by directly interfering with replication of the virus and by promoting both innate and adaptive immune responses	[41]
Antimalarials	Chloroquine	Interfering with viral particles binding to their cellular cell surface receptor	[40, 112]
Corticosteroids	Methylprednisolone	Binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production	[111, 113, 114]
Convalescent plasma	Convalescent plasma	Antiviral antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD) found in convalescent plasma from recovered patients	[115]