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| Material | Properties | Application |
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| High molecular polymer | Dextran [70] | Good biocompatibility and biodegradability | Stabilize the colloidal solution and increase the time of nanomaterial circulation in the blood |
| Polyethylene glycol (PEG) [71] | With good hydrophilicity, it does not cause an immune response and antigen-antibody reaction | Reduce the phagocytosis time of nanomaterials by macrophages and increase the circulation time of nanomaterials in the blood |
| Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [72] | Good hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, superior film, and gel-forming ability | Improve the stability of the colloidal solution |
| Polyacrylic acid [73] | Good water solubility | Improve the biocompatibility of nanomaterials and help nanomaterials adhering |
|
| Surfactant [74] | Oleic acid, lauric acid, Dodecylphosphoric acid, cetylphosphonic acid, hexadecylphosphonic acid, alkanesulfonic acid, various phosphates, etc. | With good biocompatibility, it is safe and nontoxic. Although soluble in water, it can be soluble in various organic solvents. | Improve the stability and biocompatibility of nanomaterials |
|
| Inorganic coating | Silica [75] | Good biocompatibility, safe and nontoxic, chemically stable | The nanomaterials are prevented from degrading and coagulating in the organism, making it easier to connect functional groups |
| Gold [76] | Biocompatibility, optical, and magnetic properties for biological applications | Improve the stability of magnetic nanoparticles and maintain the magnetic moment of magnetic nanomaterials |
| Carbon [77] | Stable chemical properties, good thermal stability, and good biocompatibility | Improve the stability of magnetic nanomaterials, improve the oxidation resistance and acid resistance of magnetic nanoparticles |
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