We propose a numerical procedure consisting of a simplified physical model and a numerical method with the aim of optimizing the performance parameters of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). 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We consider the electrical transport to be purely diffusive and the recombination process only to occur between electrons from the TiO2 conduction band and anions from the electrolyte. The used numerical method permits solving the system of differential equations resulting from the physical model. We apply the proposed numerical procedure on a classical DSSC based on Ruthenium dye in order to validate it. For this, we simulate the J-V characteristics and calculate the main parameters: short-circuit current density <svg style="vertical-align:-3.39064pt;width:18.012501px;" id="M3" height="15.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 18.012501 15.4" width="18.012501" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D43D" d="M434 650l-5 -28q-60 -8 -75 -20.5t-25 -69.5l-71 -395q-20 -107 -57.5 -168t-106.5 -94q-40 -18 -61 -20l-10 32q77 23 113 108q21 50 41 160l68 377q10 57 -1.5 69.5t-76.5 20.5l6 28h261z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,7.825,15.187)"><path id="x73" d="M319 325l-25 -7q-33 99 -103 99q-29 0 -47 -19.5t-18 -49.5t22 -49.5t62 -36.5q63 -26 95 -57t32 -79q0 -64 -50 -101t-115 -37q-35 0 -67.5 10.5t-46.5 23.5q-5 11 -11 51t-6 67l27 5q14 -53 46.5 -88.5t75.5 -35.5q29 0 50 19.5t21 50.5t-19.5 51.5t-59.5 39.5&#xA;q-28 12 -46 22.5t-38.5 27t-30.5 38.5t-10 49q0 54 42.5 92t109.5 38q48 0 88 -18q6 -15 13 -50.5t9 -55.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.287,15.187)"><path id="x63" d="M390 111l17 -21q-34 -45 -80 -73.5t-89 -28.5q-91 0 -146 62t-55 147q0 118 101 195q74 57 149 57h1q59 0 90 -27q16 -14 16 -30q0 -15 -12 -29t-21 -14q-8 0 -19 11q-44 41 -101 41q-52 0 -87.5 -42.5t-35.5 -117.5q0 -49 15 -87t39 -58t49 -30t48 -10q33 0 60.5 12&#xA;t60.5 43z" /></g></svg>, open circuit voltage <svg style="vertical-align:-3.39064pt;width:24.575001px;" id="M4" height="15.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24.575001 15.4" width="24.575001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D449" d="M730 650l-8 -28q-52 -4 -72 -18t-64 -77q-79 -113 -321 -539h-33l-119 541q-13 59 -29.5 73t-66.5 20l7 28h245l-8 -28l-28 -5q-33 -6 -40.5 -15.5t-0.5 -38.5l102 -450h2q191 320 246 430q21 42 15.5 56t-43.5 19l-31 4l7 28h240z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.675,15.187)"><path id="x6F" d="M257 449q92 0 154 -65t62 -158q0 -112 -67 -175t-150 -63q-98 0 -158.5 66.5t-60.5 154.5q0 59 21 106.5t54.5 75.5t71 43t73.5 15zM244 416q-48 0 -81 -47t-33 -128q0 -96 38 -158t99 -62q51 0 82 43.5t31 139.5q0 91 -36 151.5t-100 60.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,18.85,15.187)"><use xlink:href="#x63" /></g></svg>, fill factor FF, and power conversion efficiency <svg style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.5249996px;" id="M5" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.5249996 12.175" width="8.5249996" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D702" d="M471 401q0 -32 -14 -91l-83 -376q-30 -146 -21 -180l-7 -15q-22 0 -47.5 23.5t-25.5 40.5q0 49 53 271l53 224q4 18 6.5 31t3.5 22.5t1 15t-2 9t-4.5 4.5t-6.5 1q-31 0 -100.5 -63.5t-126.5 -145.5q-16 -53 -40 -163q-48 -11 -74 -21l-7 8l82 341q9 36 -4 36&#xA;q-8 0 -28.5 -14t-38.5 -32l-17 22q41 43 85 71t66 28q23 0 23 -39q0 -19 -10 -64l-24 -103h2q77 101 201 182q37 24 74 24q31 0 31 -47z" /></g></svg>. We analyze the influence of the nature of semiconductor (TiO2) and dye and also the influence of different technological parameters on the performance parameters of DSSCs. The obtained results show that the proposed numerical procedure is suitable for developing a numerical simulation platform for improving the DSSCs performance by choosing the optimal parameters.

Mihai Razvan Mitroi

Laurentiu Fara

Magdalena Lidia Ciurea

Numerical Procedure for Optimizing Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Au and Ag nanoparticles embedded in amorphous Al2O3 matrix are fabricated by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) technique, which are confirmed by the experimental high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) results, respectively. The strain distribution of Au and Ag nanoparticles embedded in the Al2O3 matrix is investigated by the finite-element (FE) calculations. The simulation results clearly indicate that both the Au and Ag nanoparticles incur compressive strain by the Al2O3 matrix. However, the compressive strain existing on the Au nanoparticle is much weaker than that on the Ag nanoparticle. This phenomenon can be attributed to the reason that Young&#x2019;s modulus of Au is larger than that of Ag. This different strain distribution of Au and Ag nanoparticles in the same host matrix may have a significant influence on the technological potential applications of the Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles.

Honghua Huang

Ying Zhang

Cailei Yuan

Gang Gu

Shuangli Ye

Strain Distribution of Au and Ag Nanoparticles Embedded in Al2O3 Thin Film

The paper deals with the study of flux density through a newly proposed twisted clad guide containing DB medium. The inner core and the outer clad sections are usual dielectrics, and the introduced twisted windings at the core-clad interface are treated under DB boundary conditions. The pitch angle of twist is supposed to greatly contribute towards the control over the dispersion characteristics of the guide. The eigenvalue equation for the guiding structure is deduced, and the analytical investigations are made to explore the propagation patterns of flux densities corresponding to the sustained low-order hybrid modes under the situation of varying pitch angles. The emphasis has been put on the effects due to the DB twisted pitch on the propagation of energy flux density through the guide.

M. A. Baqir

P. K. Choudhury

Flux Density through Guides with Microstructured Twisted Clad DB Medium

Spectroscopic ellipsometry study was employed for phase pure VO2(M1) thin films grown at different oxygen partial pressures by reactive magnetron sputtering. The optical constants of the VO2(M1) thin films have been determined in a photon energy range between 0.73 and 5.05&#x2009;eV. The near-infrared extinction coefficient and optical conductivity of VO2(M1) thin films rapidly increase with decreasing O2-Ar ratios. Moreover, two electronic transitions can be uniquely assigned. The energy gaps correlated with absorption edge <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.05097pt" id="M1" height="12.3393pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 22.4531 12.3393" width="22.4531pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-41" d="M309 -142C211 -61 151 99 151 271S210 601 309 683L288 710C141 611 75 451 75 272V271C75 90 141 -72 288 -169L309 -142Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.654,0)"><path id="g50-70" d="M615 650H141L132 618C223 612 227 607 212 526L136 123C122 42 112 38 27 32L18 0H522C539 33 580 135 592 166L558 179C536 139 512 100 486 75C454 48 420 41 345 41C287 41 252 42 237 55C221 68 220 100 231 158L261 316H357C455 316 455 309 455 235H489L529 437H494C468 366 460 360 369 360H269L305 565C315 609 316 611 357 611H450C525 611 535 599 548 578C559 556 561 526 560 482L595 486L615 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.688,3.001)"><path id="g50-50" d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.634,0)"><path id="g50-42" d="M283 271C283 451 220 610 70 710L48 683C146 603 207 443 207 271S149 -59 48 -142L70 -169C220 -67 283 90 283 271Z"/></g></svg> at varied O2-Ar ratios are almost the same (&#x7e;2.0&#x2009;eV); consequently, the absorption edge is not significantly changed. However, the optical band gap corresponding to semiconductor-to-metal phase transition <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.05097pt" id="M2" height="12.3393pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 22.4531 12.3393" width="22.4531pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.654,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.688,3.001)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.634,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-42"/></g></svg> decreases from 0.53 to 0.18&#x2009;eV with decreasing O2-Ar ratios.

Meng Jiang

Yamei Li

Shaotang Li

Huaijuan Zhou

Xun Cao

Shanhu Bao

Yanfeng Gao

Hongjie Luo

Ping Jin

Room Temperature Optical Constants and Band Gap Evolution of Phase Pure M1-VO2 Thin Films Deposited at Different Oxygen Partial Pressures by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Controllable particles sizes of starch nanoparticles were synthesized via a precipitation in water-in-oil microemulsion approach. Microemulsion method offers the advantages of ultralow interfacial tension, large interfacial area, and being thermodynamically stable and affords monodispersed nanoparticles. The synthesis parameters such as stirring rates, ratios of oil/cosurfactant, oil phases, cosurfactants, and ratios of water/oil were found to affect the mean particle size of starch nanoparticles. Starch nanoparticles with mean particles sizes of 109&#x2009;nm were synthesized by direct nanoprecipitation method, whereas by using precipitation in microemulsion approach, starch nanoparticles with smaller mean particles sizes of 83&#x2009;nm were obtained.

Suk Fun Chin

Aressa Azman

Suh Cem Pang

Size Controlled Synthesis of Starch Nanoparticles by a Microemulsion Method

A low cost silicon BCD technology in place of high cost SOI BCD technology for monolithic integrated EL driver ICs application is put forward. Several key technologies are presented. An advanced SEJTET termination technology was designed instead of the conventional PIOS isolation to obtain smaller chip area and protect HVICs from the occurrence of di/dt effect under PWM operation. Novel VDMOS/Resurf LDPMOS devices were developed compatibly to obtain the lowest <svg style="vertical-align:-5.56917pt;width:39.512501px;" id="M1" height="18.112499" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 39.512501 18.112499" width="39.512501" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>, improve silicon utilization, and simplify key process steps.

Wei Huang

Nanzhong Hu

Zongguang Yu

Haiou Li

Novel BCD Process Platform with Integrated Self-Extracted JTE Trench Technology for EL Drivers ICs

The effects of alumina content and heat treatment on upconversion properties of codoped (ErF3-YbF3) oxyfluoride glass ceramics were investigated. Results showed that alumina content had an effect on phase separation and viscosity of the glass. Due to the high viscosity of low alumina content glass, the phase separated areas were smaller in these specimens. Increasing the heat treatment temperature led to the incorporation of Er3+ ions into CaF2 crystals and also increased the Yb3+ concentration in them. This increase improved the energy transfer and back transfer process between Er3+ and Yb3+ ions and as result upconversion intensity was increased.

M. H. Imanieh

I. R. Mart&#xed;n

J. Gonzalez-Platas

B. Eftekhari Yekta

V. K. Marghussian

S. Shakhesi

Behavior of Yb3+ and Er3+ during Heat Treatment in Oxyfluoride Glass Ceramics

Biphasic bioceramic nanopowders of hydroxyapatite (HA) and &#x3b2;-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were prepared from shells of the sea snail Cerithium vulgatum (Brugui&#xe8;re, 1792) using a novel chemical method. Calcination of the powders produced was carried out at varying temperatures, specifically at 400&#xb0;C and 800&#xb0;C, in air for 4 hours. When compared to the conventional hydrothermal transformation method, this chemical method is very simple, economic, due to the fact that it needs inexpensive and safe equipment, because the transformation of the aragonite and calcite of the shells into the calcium phosphate phases takes place at 80&#xb0;C under the atmospheric pressure. The powders produced were determined using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The features of the powders produced along with the fact of their biological origin qualify these powders for further consideration and experimentation to fabricate nanoceramic biomaterials.

O. Gunduz

Y. M. Sahin

S. Agathopoulos

B. Ben-Nissan

F. N. Oktar

A New Method for Fabrication of Nanohydroxyapatite and TCP from the Sea Snail Cerithium vulgatum

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Journal of Nanomaterials publishes research on nanoscale and nanostructured materials with an emphasis on synthesis, processing, characterization, and the applications of nanomaterials.

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Chief Editor Stefano Bellucci is Professor of Theoretical Physics at the National Institute for Nuclear Physics in Frascati, Italy. His research interests include&nbsp;nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanocarbon-based composites, and the biomedical applications of nanomaterials.

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Journal of Nanomaterials - Table of contents 2014

title

Journal of Nanomaterials publishes research on nanoscale and nanostructured materials with an emphasis on synthesis, processing, characterization, and the applications of nanomaterials.

Journal of Nanomaterials