Hop and Acacia Phytochemicals Decreased Lipotoxicity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes, db/db Mice, and Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome

Table 4

Changes in anthropometric, glucose metabolism, and lipid variables at 8 and 12 weeks by treatment arm.

	Arm 1 + 4 (placebo)		Arm 2 (3 tablets)		Arm 3 (6 tablets)		𝑃-value	𝑃-value	𝑃-value
	Value	Change from baseline	Value	Change from baseline	Value	Change from baseline	(1+4 versus 2)	(1+4 versus 3)	(2 versus 3)
Weight (kg)
8 weeks	96.6±2.8	−𝟑.𝟓±𝟎.𝟓^†	94.9±2.4	−𝟑.𝟏±𝟎.𝟓^†	100.2±3.1	−𝟑.𝟑±𝟎.𝟓^†	.50	.77	.71
12 weeks	96.2±2.8	−𝟑.𝟗±𝟎.𝟔^†	95.9±2.4	−𝟑.𝟐±𝟎.𝟓^†	98.9±3.1	−𝟑.𝟖±𝟎.𝟔^†	.39	.86	.50
Waist (cm)
8 weeks	105.9±2.2	−𝟑.𝟒±𝟎.𝟕^†	104.6±2.0	−𝟐.𝟔±𝟎.𝟕^†	107.7±2.3	−𝟐.𝟒±𝟎.𝟕^†	.84	.43	.33
12 weeks	105.4±2.2	−𝟑.𝟗±𝟎.𝟕^†	105.1±2.1	−𝟑.𝟒±𝟎.𝟖^†	107.0±2.2	−𝟐.𝟖±𝟎.𝟕^†	.56	.64	.29
BMI (kg/m^2)
8 weeks	33.7±0.7	−𝟏.𝟐±𝟎.𝟐^†	33.7±0.7	−𝟏.𝟏±𝟎.𝟐^†	34.6±0.8	−𝟏.𝟐±𝟎.𝟐^†	.60	.77	.83
12 weeks	33.6±0.8	−𝟏.𝟒±𝟎.𝟐^†	34.1±0.7	−𝟏.𝟏±𝟎.𝟐^†	34.2±0.8	−𝟏.𝟑±𝟎.𝟐^†	.43	.83	.58
BP-systolic (mmHg)
8 weeks	126.9±2.5	−𝟑.𝟒±𝟏.𝟑^∗	124.7±2.7	−𝟒.𝟕±𝟏.𝟓^†	127.1±2.5	−2.0±2.3	.59	.57	.29
12 weeks	127.9±2.4	−2.3±1.4	127.9±2.4	−0.6±1.9	128.1±2.3	−0.1±3.1	.58	.47	.87
BP-diastolic (mmHg)
8 weeks	79.1±1.4	−𝟒.𝟗±𝟏.𝟑^†	80.3±1.5	−𝟐.𝟓±𝟏.𝟎^∗	82.8±1.5	−2.3±1.2	.17	.13	.88
12 weeks	80.6±1.6	−𝟑.𝟒±𝟏.𝟑^∗	81.3±1.6	−2.0±1.2	81.0±2.0	−3.3±1.9	.51	.98	.54
F. glucose (mmol/L)
8 weeks	5.52±0.09	𝟎.𝟏𝟔±𝟎.𝟎𝟔^†	5.55±0.13	0.07±0.09	5.64±0.07	𝟎.𝟐𝟗±𝟎.𝟎𝟖^†	.40	.23	.05
12 weeks	5.54±0.09	𝟎.𝟏𝟖±𝟎.𝟎𝟕^∗	5.52±0.10	0.03±0.08	5.62±0.13	𝟎.𝟐𝟒±𝟎.𝟎𝟗^∗	.19	.59	.08
Glucose 2pp (mmol/L)
8 weeks	6.49±0.29	0.43±0.29	6.97±0.36	−0.13±0.35	7.21±0.41	0.47±0.33	.22	.94	.21
12 weeks	6.57±0.33	0.51±0.34	6.81±0.27	−0.36±0.32	6.81±0.44	0.04±0.34	.07	.32	.41
F. insulin (pmol/L)
8 weeks	86.3±10.5	−8.4±6.7	93.8±11.1	−𝟐𝟕.𝟐±𝟗.𝟒^†	79.6±5.4	−𝟐𝟎.𝟔±𝟖.𝟏^∗	.10	.28	.57
12 weeks	87.0±8.5	−7.7±6.5	107.0±14.2	−𝟐𝟎.𝟓±𝟗.𝟖^∗	96.4±16.6	−2.8±11.3	.32	.71	.19
Insulin 2pp (pmol/L)
8 weeks	460.8±77.5	−114.7±63.5	579.7±89.1	−213.9±118.9	550.4±101.7	−57.5±63.9	.40	.63	.21
12 weeks	705.8±85.0	𝟏𝟑𝟎.𝟑±𝟔𝟏.𝟐^∗	863.0±117.6	35.4±72.6	655.9±82.5	56.5±61.0	.30	.42	.82
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
8 weeks	5.35±0.20	−0.13±0.13	5.26±0.19	−0.19±0.13	5.20±0.24	−0.26±0.14	.73	.47	.72
12 weeks	5.16±0.17	−𝟎.𝟑𝟐±𝟎.𝟏𝟐^∗	5.17±0.16	−0.18±0.11	5.30±0.23	−0.16±0.13	.42	.35	.90
LDL (mmol/L)
8 weeks	3.24±0.16	−0.08±0.12	3.15±0.18	0.06±0.12	3.23±0.20	−0.10±0.11	.40	.91	.35
12 weeks	2.98±0.14	−0.24±0.12	3.08±0.15	0.10±0.11	3.24±0.17	0.02±0.11	.04	.10	.64
TG (mmol/L)
8 weeks	2.60±0.36	−0.02±0.39	2.37±0.21	−𝟎.𝟓𝟓±𝟎.𝟏𝟒^†	2.05±0.19	−𝟎.𝟓𝟎±𝟎.𝟏𝟖^∗	.17	.22	.89
12 weeks	2.41±0.23	−0.20±0.19	2.28±0.22	−𝟎.𝟓𝟗±𝟎.𝟏𝟐^†	2.27±0.32	−0.25±0.24	.14	.87	.21
HDL (mmol/L)
8 weeks	1.07±0.04	0.01±0.02	1.06±0.03	−0.01±0.02	1.05±0.03	−0.04±0.02	.56	.13	.36
12 weeks	1.07±0.04	0.00±0.02	1.07±0.03	−0.00±0.02	1.06±0.04	−0.03±0.03	.83	.29	.40
Chol/HDL
8 weeks	5.1±0.2	−0.2±0.1	5.0±0.2	−0.1±0.1	5.0±0.2	−0.1±0.1	.90	.59	.69
12 weeks	4.9±0.2	−𝟎.𝟑±𝟎.𝟏^∗	4.9±0.2	−0.2±0.1	5.1±0.2	0.0±0.1	.41	.06	.30
TG/HDL
8 weeks	5.9±1.0	0.1±1.1	5.3±0.6	−𝟏.𝟏±𝟎.𝟒^†	4.6±0.4		.24	.37	.79
12 weeks
HOMA
8 weeks
12 weeks

Data expressed as mean ± SE. , compared to baseline.