Effects on Metabolic Health after a 1-Year-Lifestyle Intervention in Overweight and Obese Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 3
Anthropometric measures and fasting blood values after a 1-year intervention in overweight and obese children presented as mean (standard deviation).
Intervention group
Control group
Last observation carried forward
Per protocol
Last observation carried forward
Per protocol
(n = 48)
(n = 28)
(n = 45 or 44)*
(n = 30)
1 year
Change from baseline
1 year
Change from baseline
1 year
Change from baseline
1 year
Change from baseline
Weight (kg)
54.9 (10.4)
2.78 (0.50)
<0.001
56.5 (11.4)
4.76 (3.29)
<0.001
54.0 (11.7)
3.65 (4.17)
<0.001
55.4 (11.5)
5.47 (4.01)
<0.001
0.509
0.207
Height (cm)
152 (8.38)
3.67 (3.36)
<0.001
154 (9.55)
6.29 (1.59)
<0.001
153 (9.33)
4.48 (3.53)
<0.001
155 (8.33)
6.71 (1.82)
<0.001
0.324
0.402
BMI (kg/m2)
23.5 (2.70)
0.08 (0.95)
0.572
23.7 (2.74)
0.13 (0.24)
0.576
22.8 (2.86)
0.20 (1.12)
0.240
22.9 (3.00)
0.30 (1.37)
0.242
0.747
0.338
BMI z-score††
1.81 (0.82)
−0.22 (0.37)
<0.001
1.71 (0.81)
−0.37 (0.08)
<0.001
1.55 (0.82)
−0.23 (0.48)
0.003
1.52 (0.90)
−0.34 (0.56)
0.003
0.844
0.523
BMI z-score†††
2.94 (1.22)
−0.29 (0.62)
0.002
2.79 (1.19)
−0.50 (0.74)
0.002
2.57 (1.21)
−0.18 (0.59)
0.050
2.56 (1.32)
−0.27 (0.71)
0.050
0.536
0.432
Fat mass index (kg fat/m2)
13.4 (3.68)
0.25 (1.25)
0.171
13.7 (3.86)
0.47 (1.65)
0.154
12.5 (3.65)
0.55 (1.60)
0.029
12.8 (4.06)
0.84 (1.93)
0.028
0.318
0.432
Waist circumference (cm)
79.3 (9.99)
1.29 (3.97)
0.029
80.2 (9.75)
2.21 (5.04)
0.028
78.1 (9.14)
3.49 (6.44)
0.001
79.8 (9.34)
5.23 (7.31)
<0.001
0.043
0.211
Hip circumference (cm)
90.4 (7.65)
1.07 (2.82)
0.011
91.0 (7.50)
1.84 (3.52)
0.010
89.0 (8.29)
1.96 (3.98)
0.002
90.0 (8.03)
2.94 (4.58)
0.001
0.932
0.119
Waist/hip ratio
0.88 (0.07)
0.00 (0.03)
0.393
0.88 (0.06)
0.01 (0.04)
0.397
0.88 (0.06)
0.02 (0.06)
0.042
0.89 (0.06)
0.03 (0.08)
0.041
0.029
0.449
Sagittal abdominal diameter (cm)
17.9 (2.22)
0.28 (1.14)
0.097
18.2 (2.09)
0.48 (1.48)
0.098
17.5 (2.29)
0.54 (1.28)
0.007
17.9 (2.26)
0.82 (1.50)
0.006
0.590
0.387
Fat mass (kg)
20.6 (6.31)
0.88 (2.07)
0.005
21.3 (6.84)
2.92 (1.51)
<0.001
19.3 (6.37)
1.43 (2.66)
0.001
20.0 (6.94)
2.19 (3.04)
0.001
0.483
0.329
Fat mass (%)
39.0 (6.11)
−0.21 (2.26)
0.514
39.0 (5.55)
−0.39 (3.06)
0.519
36.9 (5.82)
−0.16 (3.34)
0.761
36.8 (6.67)
−0.24 (4.16)
0.763
0.965
0.957
Truncal fat mass (%)
38.0 (7.47)
−0.38 (2.63)
0.312
38.2 (7.22)
−0.70 (3.54)
0.316
35.9 (7.46)
−0.29 (3.98)
0.640
35.8 (8.48)
−0.44 (4.96)
0.643
0.830
0.780
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
66.7 (5.44)
0.10 (3.49)
0.837
67.8 (5.06)
0.18 (0.87)
0.839
66.6 (6.00)
−0.07 (5.07)
0.929
67.5 (5.74)
−0.10 (6.28)
0.930
0.272
0.789
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
111 (8.58)
−0.58 (5.81)
0.490
112 (8.89)
−1.00 (7.64)
0.494
114 (9.28)
1.38 (6.99)
0.193
115 (8.55)
2.07 (8.52)
0.194
0.758
0.218
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.32 (0.91)
−0.12 (0.49)
0.087
4.10 (0.76)
−0.21 (0.63)
0.087
4.33 (0.82)
−0.18 (0.37)
0.002
4.27 (0.73)
−0.27 (0.42)
0.002
0.520
0.729
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
2.54 (0.78)
−0.05 (0.33)
0.342
2.39 (0.62)
−0.79 (0.43)
0.346
2.64 (0.75)
−0.08 (0.35)
0.159
2.57 (0.76)
−0.11 (0.42)
0.160
0.828
0.704
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
1.39 (0.35)
−0.07 (0.18)
0.011
1.32 (0.32)
−0.12 (0.22)
0.009
1.28 (0.29)
−0.07 (0.15)
0.005
1.30 (0.30)
−0.10 (0.18)
0.004
0.983
0.513
LDL/HDL ratio
1.91 (0.60)
0.06 (0.27)
0.115
1.89 (0.52)
0.11 (0.35)
0.115
2.16 (0.74)
0.10 (0.42)
0.136
2.13 (0.87)
0.14 (0.51)
0.137
0.711
0.846
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
0.87 (0.63)
−0.01 (0.43)
0.825
0.86 (0.59)
−0.02 (0.56)
0.827
0.89 (0.40)
−0.06 (0.44)
0.338
0.88 (0.43)
−0.10 (0.54)
0.341
0.286
0.732
Apolipoprotein B (g/L)
0.73 (0.17)
−0.01 (0.07)
0.243
0.70 (0.13)
−20 (0.08)
0.246
0.76 (0.16)
−0.03 (0.09)
0.048
0.79 (0.16)
−0.04 (0.10)
0.048
0.860
0.907
Apolipoprotein A1 (g/L)
1.29 (0.20)
−0.05 (0.13)
0.009
1.25 (0.18)
−0.09 (0.16)
0.008
1.23 (0.15)
−0.10 (0.15)
<0.001
1.22 (0.14)
−0.16 (0.16)
<0.001
0.060
0.411
Apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio
0.57 (0.13)
0.01 (0.05)
0.134
0.56 (0.11)
0.02 (0.07)
0.135
0.62 (0.13)
0.03 (0.08)
0.032
0.61 (0.15)
0.04 (0.02)
0.031
0.041
0.342
Glucose (mmol/L)
4.58 (0.42)
0.06 (0.25)
0.132
4.62 (0.36)
0.09 (0.33)
0.133
4.62 (0.41)
−0.02 (0.27)
0.623
4.64 (0.38)
−0.31 (0.34)
0.626
0.565
0.494
Insulin (mU/L)
11.2 (5.76)
0.90 (4.09)
0.136
12.1 (4.90)
1.54 (5.30)
0.137
10.4 (5.71)
0.21 (5.37)
0.797
10.7 (5.62)
0.32 (6.64)
0.799
0.699
0.660
HOMA-index
2.28 (1.19)
0.21 (0.93)
0.122
2.49 (1.08)
0.36 (1.21)
0.123
2.20 (1.34)
0.02 (1.26)
0.896
2.26 (1.33)
0.04 (1.56)
0.897
0.827
0.716
HbA1c (%)
4.11 (0.23)
0.07 (0.15)
0.002
4.15 (0.24)
0.13 (0.19)
0.001
4.03 (0.27)
0.04 (0.13)
0.037
4.08 (0.26)
0.07 (0.16)
0.036
0.612
0.127
*One child refused to give blood sample. values for difference between baseline and 1-year analyzed by paired samples t-test. values for difference between groups at 1-year analyzed by the last observation carried forward principle with a one-way analysis of covariance. values for difference between groups at 1-year analyzed per protocol with a one-way analysis of covariance. ††Reference population from the US [21]. †††Reference population from Sweden [22].
