A 10-Week Multimodal Nutrition Education Intervention Improves Dietary Intake among University Students: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial
Table 3
Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes in intervention () and control () group and ANCOVA analysis after controlling for potential confounders.
Macronutrient intakes
Mean ± SE
Adj. mean (95% CI)a
Adj. mean diff. (95% CI)b
-stat (df)
valuea
Adjusted effect size (Cohen’s d)
Baseline
After 10-weeks
Energy (kcal)
68 (20, 116)
7.6 (1, 376)
0.006
0.28 (S)
Intervention
1706 (1671, 1741)
Control
1638 (1605, 1671)
% Carbohydrate of energy
0.6 (−0.5, 1.8)
1.2 (1, 376)
0.27
0.11 (N)
Intervention
51.9 ± 0.4
54.6 ± 0.4
54.7 (53.9, 55.5)
Control
51.6 ± 0.4
54.0 ± 0.4
54.1 (53.3, 54.8)
% Protein of energy
−0.2 (−0.7, 0.3)
0.8 (1, 376)
0.38
0.09 (N)
Intervention
13.9 ± 0.1
13.6 ± 0.1
13.6 (13.3, 13.9)
Control
13.8 ± 0.1
13.8 ± 0.1
13.8 (13.5, 14.1)
% Fat of energy
−0.4 (−1.4, 0.6)
0.6 (1, 376)
0.42
0.08 (N)
Intervention
34.0 ± 0.3
31.7 ± 0.3
31.7 (31.0, 32.5)
Control
34.4 ± 0.3
32.1 ± 0.3
32.1 (31.4, 32.8)
Calcium
78.0 (53.5, 102.4)
39.3 (1, 376)
<0.001
0.65 (M)
Intervention
312.6 ± 7.5
376.5 ± 9.4
378.4 (360.5, 396.2)
Control
331.4 ± 7.3
300.6 ± 8.2
300.4 (283.7, 317.1)
Iron
0.2 (−1.8, 2.1)
0.0 (1, 376)
0.84
0.02 (N)
Intervention
19.4 ± 0.7
20.1 ± 0.8
20.1 (18.7, 21.5)
Control
19.6 ± 0.6
19.9 ± 0.6
19.9 (18.6, 21.2)
Vitamin C
57.6 (45.0, 70.1)
81.8 (1, 376)
<0.001
0.93 (L)
Intervention
55.9 ± 4.7
101.9 ± 5.6
100.5 (91.3, 109.6)
Control
44.7 ± 3.9
42.0 ± 3.6
42.9 (34.4, 51.5)
Thiamine
0.1 (0.0, 0.2)
4.5 (1, 376)
0.03
0.22 (S)
Intervention
1.0 ± 0.0
1.1 ± 0.0
1.1 (1.0, 1.1)
Control
1.0 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 0.0
1.0 (0.9, 1.0)
Riboflavin
0.1 (0.0, 0.2)
1.8 (1, 376)
0.18
0.14 (N)
Intervention
1.6 ± 0.0
1.6 ± 0.0
1.6 (1.5, 1.8)
Control
1.6 ± 0.0
1.6 ± 0.0
1.6 (1.5, 1.6)
Niacin
−0.3 (−1.2, 0.6)
0.5 (1, 376)
0.49
0.07 (N)
Intervention
15.2 ± 0.3
14.7 ± 0.3
14.6 (13.9, 15.3)
Control
14.6 ± 0.3
14.9 ± 0.3
14.9 (14.3, 15.5)
Adjusted mean using ANCOVA after controlling for weight, waist, hip and baseline for each variable
bBonferroni adjustment for 95% CI for difference; Adjusted effect size (N: Negligible, S: Small, M: Medium, L: Large); SE: Standard error of the mean.
