A 10-Week Multimodal Nutrition Education Intervention Improves Dietary Intake among University Students: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial
Table 4
Mean daily servings of food intakes in intervention () and control () group and ANCOVA analysis after controlling for potential confounders.
Food (serving/day)
Mean ± SE
Adj. mean (95% CI)a
Adj. mean diff. (95% CI)b
-stat (df)
valuea
Adjusted effect size (Cohen’s )
Baseline
After 10-weeks
Rice
−0.7 (−1.5, 0.1)
2.9 (1, 376)
0.09
0.18 (N)
Intervention
1.70 ± 0.04
1.70 ± 0.04
11.9 (11.3, 12.5)
Control
1.70 ± 0.04
1.80 ± 0.04
12.6 (12.0, 13.2)
Bread
−0.5 (−1.4, 0.4)
1.3 (1, 376)
0.25
0.11 (N)
Intervention
0.73 ± 0.05
0.76 ± 0.05
5.3 (4.7, 6.0)
Control
0.77 ± 0.05
0.85 ± 0.05
5.9 (5.2, 6.5)
Noodles
−0.1 (−0.7, 0.5)
0.0 (1, 376)
0.83
0.02 (N)
Intervention
0.32 ± 0.04
0.33 ± 0.04
2.2 (1.7, 2.6)
Control
0.26 ± 0.03
0.31 ± 0.03
2.2 (1.8, 2.7)
Biscuits
0.6 (−0.4, 1.5)
1.5 (1, 376)
0.22
0.13 (N)
Intervention
0.61 ± 0.04
0.76 ± 0.05
5.4 (4.7, 6.0)
Control
0.65 ± 0.04
0.69 ± 0.05
4.8 (4.2, 5.4)
Cereals
−0.1 (−0.5, 0.2)
0.5 (1, 376)
0.48
0.07 (N)
Intervention
0.07 ± 0.02
0.08 ± 0.02
0.6 (0.3, 0.8)
Control
0.08 ± 0.02
0.10 ± 0.02
0.7 (0.5, 1.0)
Fruit and 100% fruit juice
5.8 (4.6, 6.9)
100.2 (1, 376)
<0.001
1.03 (L)
Intervention
0.40 ± 0.05
1.16 ± 0.08
8.1 (7.2, 8.9)
Control
0.35 ± 0.04
0.32 ± 0.04
2.3 (1.5, 3.1)
Vegetables
0.8 (−0.2, 1.8)
2.3 (1, 376)
0.12
0.16 (N)
Intervention
1.39 ± 0.06
1.45 ± 0.06
10.1 (9.3, 10.8)
Control
1.31 ± 0.06
1.31 ± 0.06
9.3 (8.6, 10.0)
Meat
0.0 (−0.5, 0.5)
0.0 (1, 376)
0.95
0.01 (N)
Intervention
0.21 ± 0.03
0.16 ± 0.03
1.2 (0.8, 1.5)
Control
0.23 ± 0.03
0.17 ± 0.03
1.2 (0.8, 1.5)
Poultry
−0.2 (−1.2, 0.8)
0.1 (1, 376)
0.73
0.04 (N)
Intervention
1.60 ± 0.06
1.64 ± 0.06
11.4 (10.7, 12.2)
Control
1.51 ± 0.05
1.65 ± 0.05
11.6 (10.9, 12.3)
Fish
0.8 (0.3, 1.4)
8.3 (1, 376)
0.004
0.30 (S)
Intervention
0.24 ± 0.03
0.35 ± 0.04
2.5 (2.1, 2.9)
Control
0.24 ± 0.02
0.24 ± 0.03
1.7 (1.3, 2.0)
Egg
0.3 (0.0, 0.6)
4.5 (1, 376)
0.03
0.22 (S)
Intervention
0.06 ± 0.01
0.13 ± 0.02
0.9 (0.7, 1.1)
Control
0.07 ± 0.01
0.08 ± 0.01
0.6 (0.4, 0.8)
Nuts and legumes
0.0 (0.0, 0.1)
0.1 (1, 376)
0.70
0.04 (N)
Intervention
0.01 ± 0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
0.0 (0.0, 0.1)
Control
0.01 ± 0.00
0.00 ± 0.00
0.0 (0.0, 0.1)
Milk
1.2 (0.7, 1.7)
22.8 (1, 376)
<0.001
0.49 (S)
Intervention
0.08 ± 0.02
0.26 ± 0.03
1.9 (1.5, 2.2)
Control
0.09 ± 0.02
0.09 ± 0.02
0.6 (0.3, 1.0)
Dairy products
0.5 (0.2, 0.8)
8.2 (1, 376)
0.005
0.30 (S)
Intervention
0.11 ± 002
0.13 ± 0.02
0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
Control
0.05 ± 0.01
0.06 ± 0.01
0.4 (0.2, 0.7)
Carbonated drinks
−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)
1.0 (1, 376)
0.32
0.10 (N)
Intervention
0.08 ± 0.02
0.03 ± 0.01
0.2 (0.1, 0.4)
Control
0.04 ± 0.01
0.04 ± 0.01
0.3 (0.2, 0.5)
Beverages with added sugar
0.4 (−0.4, 1.2)
0.9 (1, 376)
0.35
0.10 (N)
Intervention
0.37 ± 0.04
0.52 ± 0.05
3.6 (3.0, 4.2)
Control
0.37 ± 0.04
0.46 ± 0.04
3.2 (2.7, 3.8)
Beverages with sweetened condensed milk
−0.3 (−1.3, 0.7)
0.3 (1, 376)
0.59
0.06 (N)
Intervention
1.02 ± 0.04
0.81 ± 0.06
5.7 (4.9, 6.4)
Control
0.94 ± 0.04
0.85 ± 0.05
5.9 (5.2, 6.6)
Processed foods
−1.3 (−2.0, −0.7)
15.6 (1, 376)
<0.001
0.41 (S)
Intervention
0.48 ± 0.04
0.26 ± 0.03
1.8 (1.3, 2.3)
Control
0.45 ± 0.04
0.45 ± 0.04
3.1 (2.7, 3.6)
Deep fried snacks
−0.5 (−1.0, 0.0)
3.5 (1, 366)
0.06
0.19 (N)
Intervention
0.21 ± 0.03
0.13 ± 0.02
0.9 (0.6, 1.3)
Control
0.28 ± 0.03
0.21 ± 0.03
1.4 (1.1, 1.8)
Sweet dessert
0.0 (−0.6, 0.5)
0.0 (1, 376)
0.95
0.00 (N)
Intervention
0.15 ± 0.02
0.18 ± 0.03
1.3 (0.9, 1.7)
Control
0.15 ± 0.02
0.18 ± 0.03
1.3 (0.9, 1.7)
Adjusted mean using ANCOVA after controlling for weight, waist, hip and baseline for each variable
bBonferroni adjustment for 95% CI for difference Adjusted effect size (N: Negligible, S: Small, L: Large) SE: Standard error of the mean.
