Dietary Diversity and Meal Frequency Practices among Infant and Young Children Aged 6–23 Months in Ethiopia: A Secondary Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2011
Table 3
Factors associated with minimum meal frequency practice, 2012, Ethiopia.
Characteristics
Minimum meal frequency
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI )
Adequate
Inadequate
(%)
(%)
Child characteristics
Age in month
6–11 months
384 (37.4)
643 (62.6)
1
12–17 months
454 (51.8)
454 (51.8)
1.67 (0.591, 1.720)
1.422 (1.233, 1.870)
18–23 months
220 (33.1)
220 (33.1)
1.580 (0.580, 1.701)
1.211 (1.010, 1.502)
Birth order
First
228 (52.9)
203 (47.1)
1
Second
225 (49.5)
230 (50.5)
1.148 (0.882, 1.494)
1.019 (0.766, 1.356)
Third
172 (44.4)
215 (55.6)
1.401 (1.063, 1.845)
1.304 (0.966, 1.759)
Fourth
150 (42.6)
202 (57.4)
1.513 (1.139, 2.009)
1.198 (0.878, 1.634)
Fifth
475 (50.4)
468 (49.6)
1.109 (0.883, 1.394)
0.863 (0.667, 1.116)
Mothers characteristics
Mother work status
Yes
457 (53.8)
393 (46.2)
1.36 (0.921, 1.411)
1.202 (0.997, 1.448)
No
790 (46.1)
924 (53.9)
1
Mother educational status
No education
785 (44.5)
981 (55.5)
Primary education
398 (56.6)
305 (43.4)
0.632 (0.526, 0.758)
0.579 (0.465, 0.720)
Secondary and above
68 (68)
32 (32)
0.401 (0.275, 0.585)
0.364 (0.202, 0.654)
Marital status
Never in union
10 (52.6)
9 (47.4)
1
Married
1162 (48.5)
1236 (51.5)
1.160 (0.478, 2.818)
**
Widowed
79 (52.3)
72 (47.7)
0.986 (0.385, 2.524)
**
Household characteristics
Wealth index
Poorest
268 (42.4)
364 (57.6)
1
Poorer
275 (48.0)
298 (52.0)
0.799 (0.637, 1.004)
0.873 (0.687, 1.110)
Middle
262 (51.4)
248 (48.6)
0.695 (0.550, 0.879)
0.860 (0.669, 1.104)
Richer
240 (52.2)
220 (47.8)
0.674 (0.530, 0.864)
0.902 (0.692, 1.176)
Richest
206 (52.3)
188 (47.7)
0.671 (0.521, 0.864)
1.083 (0.770, 1.524)
Exposure to media
Satisfactory
916 (46.1)
1071 (53.9)
0.888 (0.804, 0.971)
0.707 (0.567, 0.882)
Unsatisfactory
332 (57.5)
345 (42.5)
1
Number of <5 children
One
444 (51.4)
420 (48.6)
1.036 (0.822, 1.306)
**
Two
631 (47.2)
707 (52.8)
0.876 (0.686, 1.118)
**
Three and above
176 (48.1)
190 (51.9)
1
Decision making
Women not involved
121 (43.4)
158 (56.6)
1
Women involved
1039 (49.1)
1078 (50.9)
0.793 (0.616, 1.020)
1.144 (0.861, 1.519)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Husband education
No education
570 (45.7)
676 (54.3)
1
Primary education
548 (50.6)
534 (49.4)
0.821 (0.698, 0.967)
1.049 (0.871, 1.263)
Secondary and above
116 (55.2)
94 (44.8)
0.685 (0.510, 0.919)
1.359 (0.917, 2.013)
Type of place of residence
Urban
166 (50.6)
162 (49.4)
1.087 (0.862, 1.371)
**
Rural
1085 (48.4)
1155 (51.6)
1
Health care characteristics
Number of antenatal visits
No visit
673 (44.7)
834 (55.3)
1
1–3 visits
308 (50.7)
299 (49.3)
0.783 (0.648, 0.945)
0.923 (0.745, 1.143)
4+ visits
236 (61)
151 (39)
0.544 (0.440, 0.674)
0.720 (0.549, 0.946)
Place of delivery
Home
1084 (47.8)
1184 (52.2)
1
Health institution
167 (55.7)
133 (44.3)
1.364 (1.071, 1.738)
0.989 (0.697, 1.402)
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. **Those not showing association in the crude odds ratio at value ≤0.2.
