|
| Biological activity | Z. lotus part used | Experimental models | References |
|
| Antioxidant | Z. lotus pulp, seed, leaf, root, and stem extracts | In vitro studies in jurkat cells | [4, 13, 21–24, 26, 28] |
| Z. lotus fruits and root extracts | Dpph radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities |
| Methanol extracts of Z. lotus leaf and fruit | Dpph (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay |
| Z. lotus extracts from roots and leaves | In vivo studies in wistar rats pancreas, liver, and erythrocytes. |
| Hydroalcoholic extracts of Z. lotus leaves and fruits | Lipid peroxidation, dpph |
| Z. lotus (fruits) methanol extract | Free radical (dpph) scavenging test |
|
| Antimicrobial | Methanol extracts of leaves and fruits | In vitro studies in Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli atcc 8739, Salmonella typhimurium nctc 6017, Aeromonas hydrophila ei, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853 | [13, 25] |
| In vitro studies in Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213, Listeria monocytogenes atcc 7644, and Bacillus cereus atcc 1247 |
| Etheric, dichlorométhanic, and methanolic extracts of fruit and its active compounds (phenols, flavonoids, and tannins) | In vitro studies in bacterial species: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
| Antifungal | Methanol extracts of leaves and fruits | In vitro studies: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger | [13, 25] |
| Etheric, dichlorométhanic, methanolic, and difenoconazole extracts of fruit | Fungal species: Penicillium italicum, Fusarium culmorum, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Rhizomucor sp |
|
| Anticandidal | Methanol extracts of leaves and fruits | In vitro studies: candida albicans | [13] |
|
| immunosuppressive | Polyphenols from Z. lotus fruit | In vitro studies: human t cells | [14, 28] |
| pulp, seed, leaf, root, and stem extracts | In vitro studies: jurkat cells |
|
| Anti-inflammatory | Flavonoid and saponin from root bark and leaves of Z. lotus | In vivo studies in wistar rats and swiss albino mice
In vitro studies in raw 264.7 macrophages | [18, 26, 62] |
| Methanolic extracts of root bark and leaves of Z. lotus | In vivo studies in mice |
| Hydroalcoholic extracts of Z. lotus leaves and fruits | Lipoxygenase assay |
|
| Analgesic | Flavonoid and saponin from root bark and leaves of Z. lotus | In vivo studies in wistar rats and swiss albino mice | [18, 62] |
|
| Antiulcerogenic | Aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and chloroformic extracts of Z. lotus root barks, leaves, and fruit | In vivo studies in wistar rats | [21, 27] |
| Z. lotus (fruits) methanol extract | In vivo studies in wistar rats |
|
| Antispasmodic | Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Z. lotus leaves and root barks | Ex vivo studies on isolated rat duodenum | [32] |
|
| Antidiabetic | Z. lotus aqueous extracts from roots and leaves | In vivo studies in diabetic wistar rats pancreas, liver, and erythrocytes. | [22] |
|
| Hypoglycemic | Aqueous extract of leaf and root from Z. lotus | In vivo studies in wistar rats | [22] |
|
| Gastroprotective | Z. lotus (fruits) methanol extract | In vivo studies in wistar rats | [21] |
| In vitro studies in 22 clinical strains of helicobacter pylori j99 |
|
