Role of T-Cell Polarization and Inflammation and Their Modulation by n-3 Fatty Acids in Gestational Diabetes and Macrosomia

Figure 2

Secretion of cytokines and adipokines and their implications in insulin resistance. The adipocytes secrete adipokines (leptin and adiponectin). Proinflammatory cytokines released by macrophages. Leptin contributes to inflammation by increasing the secretion of TNF-α. Both TNF-α and IL-6 antagonize the action of insulin and decrease the secretion of adiponectin which exerts insulin-sensitizing action. (+) inducing effect; (−) inhibitory effect.