First author, year Food component/product Study design and duration Participants Intake Effect Schectman et al. (1988) [54 ] Low versus high fish oil versus safflower oil capsules RCT crossover 13 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 2 4.0 versus 7.5 g omega-3/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Wilt et al. (1989) [55 ] Fish oil versus safflower oil capsule RCT parallel 38 healthy men 20 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Childs et al. (1990) [56 ] Pollock oil (EPA) versus tuna (DHA) versus salmon (DHA) versus butter capsule RCT crossover 8 healthy men EPA: 11.7, 5.4, and 6.1 g/day (i) 22.0% DeLany et al. (1990) [57 ] Low versus high fish oil versus margarine (similar macronutrient composition) RCT parallel 15 healthy men 0, 5, and 20 g fish oil/day with 0, 2, and 8 g omega-3/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Levinson et al. (1990) [58 ] Fish oil versus vegetable oil capsule RCT parallel 16 mild hypertensive patients 50 g oil/day, 9 g EPA, and 6 g DHA (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Mori et al. (1990) [59 ] Fish oil versus no fish oil RCT parallel 22 insulin-dependent diabetic men 2.7 g EPA and 1.7 g DHA/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Boønaa et al. (1992) [60 ] EPA and DHA oil versus corn oil capsule RCT parallel 156 healthy subjects 5.1 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Richter et al. (1992) [61 ] Omega-3 versus omega-6 capsule RCT crossover 26 healthy men 5.0 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Tatò et al. (1993) [62 ] EPA and DHA versus olive oil capsules RCT crossover 9 patients with familial hyperlipidemia 3.0 and 4.5 g EPA and DHA/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Zampelas et al. (1994) [63 ] SFA oil versus corn oil versus fish oil capsule RCT crossover 12 healthy men 40 g/day (i) No differences in postprandial serum apoA-I concentrations Eritsland et al. (1995) [64 ] Fish oil capsule versus no capsule RCT parallel 511 patients with coronary artery disease 4 g/day: 3.4 g EPA and DHA (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Herrmann et al. (1995) [65 ] Omega-3 versus rapeseed oil capsule RCT parallel 53 patients with coronary artery disease 8.5 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Hamazaki et al. (1996) [66 ] DHA versus control oil capsule RCT parallel 24 healthy subjects 1.5–1.8 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Grimsgaard et al. (1997) [67 ] EPA versus DHA versus corn oil capsule RCT parallel 234 healthy men EPA: 3.8 g/day (i) 5.0% Sorensen et al. (1998) [68 ] Fish oil versus sunflower oil margarine RCT parallel 47 healthy subjects 4.0 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Buckley et al. (2004) [69 ] EPA versus DHA versus olive oil capsules RCT parallel 42 healthy subjects EPA: 4.8 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Calabresi et al. (2004) [70 ] Omega-3 versus placebo capsule RCT crossover 14 patients with familial hyperlipidemia EPA: 1.88 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Shidfar et al. (2003) [71 ] Omega-3 versus placebo RCT parallel 68 hyperlipidemic patients 1 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Li et al. (2004) [72 ] High versus low fish-fatty acids diet RCT parallel 22 healthy subjects 30 energy% of fat (i) 14.0% Goyens and Mensink (2006) [73 ] ALA versus EPA and DHA capsule RCT parallel 37 elderly healthy subjects ALA 6.8 g/day, EPA, and DHA: 1.05 + 0.55 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations De Roos et al. (2008) [74 ] Fish oil versus high oleic sunflower oil capsule RCT parallel 81 healthy subjects 3.5 g/day: 700 mg EPA and 560 mg DHA (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Shidfar et al. (2008) [75 ] Omega-3 versus 300 mg SFA, 100 mg MUFA, and 600 mg linoleic acid capsule RCT parallel 50 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 2 g/day: 520 mg EPA and 480 mg DHA (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Maki et al. (2011) [76 ] Omega-3 versus soy oil RCT crossover 31 patients with primary, isolated hypercholesterolemia 4 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Ooi et al. (2012) [77 ] Therapeutic lifestyle change diet low versus high in fish (capsule) RCT parallel 20 healthy subjects EPA and DHA: 1.23 g/day versus 0.27 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Song et al. (2013) [78 ] High omega-3 and low omega-6 versus low omega-3 and high omega-6 fatty acid diet RCT crossover 8 healthy and 8 hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects 0.97 versus 8.80 n-6/n-3 ratio (i) No differences in postprandial serum apoA-I concentrations Oliveira et al. (2014) [79 ] Fish oil versus soya oil supplements RCT parallel 83 HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy 3 g/day: 540 mg EPA and 360 mg DHA (i) No differences in postprandial serum apoA-I concentrations Stewart et al. (1990) [80 ] Mackerel versus lean meat RCT crossover 84 healthy male subjects 135 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Gascon et al. (1996) [81 ] Lean fish (cod, sole, pollack, and haddock) versus animal protein (lean beef, pork, veal, eggs, skimmed milk, and milk products) RCT crossover 14 premenopausal healthy women 69–71 energy% protein (i) No differences in lean fish on fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Lindqvist et al. (2007) [82 ] Herring versus lean meat (pork and chicken) RCT crossover 13 healthy obese subjects 50 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Erkkilä et al. (2008) [83 ] Fatty (salmon, rainbow trout, Baltic herring, whitefish, vendace, and tuna) versus lean fish (pike, pike-perch, perch, saithe, and cod) versus lean meat (beef and pork) RCT parallel 33 patients with coronary heart disease 100–150 g fish (i) 7.1 and 9.1% Isherwood et al. (2010) [84 ] Prawns versus crab sticks RCT crossover 23 healthy males 225 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations
