First author, year Food component/product Study design and duration Participants Intake Effects Sacks et al. (1984) [130 ] Eggs versus no foods containing eggs RCT crossover 17 healthy subjects 400 kcal/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Luley et al. (1986) [131 ] Dried garlic versus control RCT crossover (i) 34 hyperlipidemic patients 3 × 198 mg/day (i) Both no differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Luley et al. (1986) [131 ] Dried garlic versus control RCT crossover (i) 51 hyperlipidemic patients 3 × 450 mg/day (i) Both no differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Hughes et al. (1994) [132 ] Beta-carotene versus wheat germ oil capsules RCT parallel 59 hyperlipidemic patients 300 mg/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Nanjee et al. (1996) [133 ] Glucosinolate free vegetable versus Brussels sprouts RCT parallel 10 healthy men 300 g/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Nanjee et al. (1996) [133 ] Eugenol versus placebo capsule RCT parallel 10 healthy men 150 mg/day (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Neil et al. (1996) [134 ] Dried garlic versus placebo powder RCT parallel 115 hypercholesterolemic subjects 900 mg/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Itoh et al. (1997) [135 ] Magnesium versus placebo supplement RCT parallel 33 healthy subjects 411–548 mg/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Guimarães et al. (2000) [136 ] Eggplant versus placebo powder RCT parallel 38 hypercholesterolemic subjects 12 g powder/day, corresponded with 100 g eggplant/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Oosthuizen et al. (2000) [137 ] Dry beans versus no beans RCT crossover 22 hyperlipidemic patients 110 g/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Gammon et al. (2012) [138 ] Healthy diet with versus without green kiwifruits RCT crossover 85 hypercholesterolemic men 2 kiwifruits/day (i) No differences in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations Mullan et al. (2016) [139 ] Polyphenols versus control RCT parallel 20 healthy overweight or obese subjects 250 ml (361 mg) polyphenols + 120 mg vitamin C (i) No differences in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations Ohlsson et al. (2010) [140 ] Sphingolipids versus placebo RCT parallel 18 healthy men 40 g high fat meal (i) No differences in postprandial plasma apoA-I concentrations Castilla et al. (2006) [141 ] Red grape juice versus no juice RCT parallel 26 hemodialysis patients 100 ml/day (i) 13.2% Roza et al. (2007) [142 ] Citrus flavonoids with tocotrienols versus placebo RCT parallel 120 hypercholesterolemic subjects 270 mg citrus flavonoids + 30 mg tocotrienols/day (i) 5.0% Salehpour et al. (2012) [143 ] Vitamin D3 versus control supplement RCT parallel 77 healthy overweight or obese subjects 25 mg/day (i) 9.2% Heravifard et al. (2013) [144 ] Vitamin D versus calcium and vitamin D versus control RCT parallel 90 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 150 mg calcium versus150 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D versus 250 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D (i) 18% Neufingerl et al. (2013) [145 ] Theobromine versus placebo RCT parallel 152 healthy subjects 0, 150, 850, and 1000 mg/day (i) 7.6% Constans et al. (2015) [146 ] Orange juice versus control RCT crossover 25 male subjects with 2 CVD risk factors 3 × daily 200 ml (i) 6.2% Han et al. (2016) [147 ] Low versus high dose of grape pomace and omija fruit versus control RCT parallel 76 healthy overweight or obese subjects 342.5 versus 685.0 mg grape pomace/day and 57.5 versus 115.0 mg omija/day (i) 10%
