Nutritional Ketosis and Mitohormesis: Potential Implications for Mitochondrial Function and Human Health

Table 1

Bioenergetic proteins upregulated by ketogenic or low-carbohydrate diets.

Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)	[162]
Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II)	[87, 149, 162, 164, 165]
Cytochrome c reductase (complex III)	[162]
Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV)	[87, 149, 162]
ATP synthase (complex V)	[87, 162]
Cytochrome c	[149, 162]
Citric acid cycle
Citrate synthase	[156, 166]
Isocitrate dehydrogenase	[162]
Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II)	[87, 149, 162, 164, 165]
Malate dehydrogenase	[162, 165]
Fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase	[36, 37, 87, 152, 167–169]
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)	[36, 87, 148, 170]
Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD)	[87, 148, 151]
Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)	[87]
β-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD)	[148, 150–152, 156, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171–173]
Ketolysis
β-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase	[148, 150, 151]