Vitamin D Intake among Premenopausal Women Living in Jeddah: Food Sources and Relationship to Demographic Factors and Bone Health
Table 1
Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of Jeddah premenopausal women (20–50 years) with sufficient vitamin D intake versus insufficient vitamin D intakea.
Characteristics
Insufficient vitamin D intake , median (P25–P75)
Sufficient vitamin D intake , median (P25–P75)
value
Age (years)
27.0 (23.0–32.0)
31.0 (26.5–39.0)
<0.001b
BMI (kg/m2)
25.3 (22.1–29.3)
27.2 (22.6–32.1)
0.09b
Vitamin D intake (IU/day) (diet and supplement)
159.1 (90.3–228.7)
1630.2 (649.5–1842.4)
<0.001b
Dietary vitamin D intake (IU/day)
132.1 (76.4–210.2)
157.6 (91.5–255.6)
0.05b
Vitamin D intake from fish (IU/day)
15.6 (4.9–31.5)
21.8 (9.4–43.8)
0.04b
Calcium intake (mg/day) (diet and supplement)
665.2 (413.7–912.5)
811.3 (572.8–1089.0)
0.02b
Serum 25(OH) D (nmol/L)
29.5 (23.2–35.2)
51.4 (41.1–68.9)
<0.001b
BMI (kg/m2)
n (%)
n (%)
Nonobese (<25 kg/m2)
80 (69)
36 (31.0)
0.22c
Obese (≥25 kg/m2)
87 (61.7)
54 (38.3)
Serum 25(OH) D (nmol/L)
Deficiency (<50 nmol/L)
152 (78.4)
42 (21.6)
<0.001c
Sufficiency (≥50 nmol/L)
8 (14.3)
48 (85.7)
Education status
Less than college
50 (67.6)
24 (32.4)
0.72c
College graduate
103 (63.2)
60 (36.8)
More than college
14 (70.0)
6 (30.0)
Income level (SR per month)
<15000
97 (67.8)
46 (32.2)
0.15c
≥15000
52 (58.4)
37 (41.6)
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; P25–P75, 25th percentile and 75th percentile. aSufficient vitamin D intake consumed ≥400 IU/day and insufficient vitamin D intake consumed <400 IU/day. bThe nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test was performed. cThe chi-square test was performed. Significance at the <0.05 level.
