CNDP1, NOS3, and MnSOD Polymorphisms as Risk Factors for Diabetic Nephropathy among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Malaysia

Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

No.	Inclusion criteria of nephropathy group	Inclusion criteria of without nephropathy group	Exclusion criteria
1	Biologically unrelated	Biologically unrelated	Biologically related
2	Age onset ≥ 35 years	Age onset ≥ 35 years	Age onset ≤ 35 years
3	Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years	Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years	Diabetes duration ≤ 10 years
4	Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L	Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L	Normal fasting glucose level
5	Albumin excretion rate > 300 mg/24 h	Albumin excretion rate < 30 mg/24 h	Nondiabetic and normal rate
6	Albumin creatinine ratio is >3.5 mg/mmol for women and >2.5 mg/mmol for men	Albumin creatinine ratio is <3.5 mg/mmol for women and <2.5 mg/mmol for men	Patients without renal symptoms with a duration of <10 years of diabetes
7	ESRD of T2D patients	Non-ESRD of T2DM patients	Unclear of renal damage and ESRD or non-ESRD of T1DM patients
8	Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > 6.6%	Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤ 6.5%	Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) < 6.5%

ESRD = end-stage renal disease; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus.