Short-Term Bixin Supplementation of Healthy Subjects Decreases the Susceptibility of LDL to Cu2+-Induced Oxidation Ex Vivo
Table 2
Serum biochemical parameters before (Day 0) and after (Day 7) oral supplementation of carotenoids.
Parameters
Placebo
Bixin
Norbixin
Lycopene
Day 0
Day 7
Change
Day 0
Day 7
Change
Day 0
Day 7
Change
Day 0
Day 7
Change
Glucose (mg/dL)
83.7 ± 2.2
81.9 ± 1.8
−1.8 ± 2.1
84.5 ± 2.9
84.4 ± 3.5
−0.1 ± 1.3
82.7 ± 2.4
85.6 ± 2.4
2.9 ± 2.1
84.6 ± 3.0
84.5 ± 2.4
−0.1 ± 1.7
TC (mg/dL)
176.4 ± 8.7
177.3 ± 6.7
0.9 ± 5.2
180.8 ± 8.8
181.1 ± 10.1
0.3 ± 4.6
174.8 ± 11.7
179.3 ± 1.0
4.5 ± 5.9
176.7 ± 8.2
185.6 ± 8.8
8.9 ± 4.1
HDL-C (mg/dL)
51.5 ± 3.9
49.6 ± 4.2
−1.9 ± 1.9
49.7 ± 3.1
50.9 ± 3.6
1.2 ± 1.81
52.1 ± 4.6
53.1 ± 5.5
1.0 ± 2.7
53.6 ± 3.0
54.1 ± 3.3
0.5 ± 2.5
LDL-C (mg/dL)
110.7 ± 7.1
109.3 ± 6.4
−1.4 ± 4.8
113.6 ± 6.8
118.4 ± 9.6
4.8 ± 7.2
101.6 ± 6.6
106.4 ± 6.4
4.8 ± 5.8
109.7 ± 6.5
114.8 ± 6.8
5.1 ± 5.6
TG (mg/dL)
88.1 ± 12.3
99.5 ± 12.4
11.4 ± 5.6
93.4 ± 12.5
102.6 ± 11.5
9.2 ± 7.1
93.4 ± 11.6
99.2 ± 12.8
5.8 ± 4.5
81.5 ± 10.6
86.7 ± 9.2
5.2 ± 5.5
VLDL-C (mg/dL)
17.8 ± 2.6
19.4 ± 2.6
1.6 ± 1.1
18.7 ± 2.5
20.5 ± 2.3
1.8 ± 1.4
18.7 ± 2.3
19.8 ± 2.5
1.1 ± 0.9
16.3 ± 2.1
17.3 ± 1.8
1.0 ± 1.1
AST (U/L)
15.2 ± 1.0
15.4 ± 1.1
0.2 ± 0.8
16.3 ± 0.9
15.5 ± 1.1
−0.8 ± 0.7
13.7 ± 0.9
14.6 ± 0.7
0.9 ± 0.6
15.4 ± 0.9
16.5 ± 0.8
1.1 ± 0.8
ALT (U/L)
15.4 ± 2.1
15.0 ± 1.7
−0.4 ± 1.0
18.7 ± 1.8
17.5 ± 2.2
−1.1 ± 1.5
13.9 ± 1.6
12.7 ± 1.2
−1.2 ± 1.2
16.4 ± 1.5
17.3 ± 1.5
0.9. ± 0.9
Creatinine (mg/dL)
1.17 ± 0.06
1.14 ± 0.07
−0.03 ± 0.05
1.09 ± 0.06
1.11 ± 0.05
0.02 ± 0.03
1.09 ± 0.05
1.05 ± 0.04
−0.04 ± 0.04
1.1 ± 0.1
1.14 ± 0.09
0.04 ± 0.05
Urea (mg/dL)
23.4 ± 1.5
26.1 ± 1.7
2.7 ± 0.9
26.9 ± 1.6
26.0 ± 1.7
−0.9 ± 1.4
27.1 ± 1.6
27.4 ± 1.8
0.3 ± 1.4
28.2 ± 1.3
26.2 ± 1.7
−2.0 ± 1.1
Atherogenic index
2.75 ± 0.24
2.91 ± 0.37
0.16 ± 0.18
2.72 ± 0.2
2.72 ± 0.21
0.0 ± 0.2
2.67 ± 0.3
2.52 ± 0.3
−0.14 ± 0.23
2.5 ± 0.2
2.56 ± 0.21
0.06 ± 0.2
Data are expressed as means ± SEM of 16 volunteers. TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase. Change = Day 7–Day 0.
