Epidemiologic Data of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Implication in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Risk in a Southern Italian Population
Table 4
Differences of 25(OH)D tertiles in demographical, clinical, and laboratory variables.
Variables
I tertile
II tertile
III tertile
t
N = 400
N = 400
N = 400
—
I vs. II
I vs. III
II vs. III
25(OH)D range (ng/ml)
3.7–15.0
15.1–22.3
22.4–64.3
—
—
—
—
25(OH)D mean ± SD (ng/ml)
10.9 ± 2.6
18.5 ± 2.1
30.1 ± 7.0
—
—
—
—
Age (years)
51.5 ± 14.1
48 ± 14.1
48.4 ± 13.8
0.001
2.6
2.4
1.8
Males (%)
46.6%
49.5
52.6
NS
—
—
—
Anthropometric variables
Weight (kg)
75.7 ± 17
76.4 ± 15.8
74.6 ± 14.3
NS
—
—
—
Height (meters)
1.63 ± 0.1
1.65 ± 0.1
1.65 ± 0.1
NS
—
—
—
Body mass index (kg/m2)
28.7 ± 6.0
28.2 ± 5.3
27.4 ± 4.4
0.006
1.2
3.2
2.0
Metabolic syndrome-NCEP (%)
34.5
31.7
20.4
<0.001
—
—
—
Metabolic syndrome-IDF (%)
44.8
42.5
35.3
0.02
—
—
—
Serum variables
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
52.9 ± 12.6
53.4 ± 12.6
55.1 ± 12.8
NS
—
—
—
LDL cholesterol(mg/dl)
127 ± 35.2
125.5 ± 34.4
119.8 ± 34.8
0.02
0.6
2.7
2.1
Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
152.4 ± 38.7
150.5 ± 39
142.8 ± 38.2
0.003
0.6
3.2
2.6
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
127 ± 82.3
126.8 ± 73.9
114.8 ± 77.1
0.04
2.0
2.0
—
Glycemia
106.4 ± 36.2
100.2 ± 24.3
99.3 ± 20.2
0.001
2.9
3.3
0.4
Serum uric acid (mg/dl)
5.2 ± 1.5
5.3 ± 1.5
5.3 ± 1.4
NS
—
—
—
Serum insulin (mg/dl)
9.8 ± 15.3
10.2 ± 18
7.9 ± 6.4
NS
—
—
—
Creatinine (mg/dl)
1.0 ± 0.2
1.0 ± 0.2
1.0 ± 0.2
NS
—
—
—
C3 (mg/dl)
128.9 ± 20.9
128.7 ± 21.9
124.9 ± 20.6
0.02
0.1
2.5
2.3
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
0.4 ± 0.8
0.3 ± 0.4
0.3 ± 0.5
0.04
2.2
2.1
0.2
Hemoglobin (g/dl)
14.1 ± 1.5
14.1 ± 1.4
14.1 ± 1.4
NS
—
—
—
White blood cells (103/µ/L)
6.5 ± 1.7
6.5 ± 1.6
6.3 ± 1.5
NS
—
—
Others CCV risk factors
Carbon oxide (parts per million)
4.4 ± 7.2
3.6 ± 5.9
3.4 ± 5.5
NS
—
—
—
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
140.2 ± 21.9
135.4 ± 20.9
135.7 ± 19.4
0.004
3.0
2.3
0.2
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
78.3 ± 11.3
76.7 ± 10.8
76.8 ± 10.3
NS
—
—
—
Psychological variables
Depression score
8.3 ± 7.9
7.6 ± 8
7.7 ± 6.9
NS
—
—
—
Anxiety score
38.5 ± 11.2
37.2 ± 9
37.8 ± 9.9
NS
—
—
—
ECG variables
Heart rate (beats/minute)
67.3 ± 11.2
66.2 ± 9.4
66 ± 9.6
NS
—
—
—
QRS (milliseconds)
91 ± 15.2
90.3 ± 11.8
90.9 ± 12
NS
—
—
—
PR (milliseconds)
151.1 ± 24
152.7 ± 30.4
152.7 ± 25.1
NS
—
—
—
QT (milliseconds)
402.7 ± 30.2
403.5 ± 27.7
402.1 ± 31.3
NS
—
—
—
cQT (milliseconds)
421.6 ± 30.3
419.8 ± 22
416.5 ± 28.6
0.03
1.8
2.5
1.8
Absolute numbers {range (min–max)} and percentage were used to describe categorical variables; means and standard deviations (SD) were used for continuous variables. Statistical significance was accepted for values of ; NS: nonsignificant; t: t-value (Bonferroni test). Significant difference () at Bonferroni test. 25(OH)D: vitamin D; NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program; IDF: International Diabetes Federation.
