Effects of Lemon Beverage Containing Citric Acid with Calcium Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Double-Blind 11-Month Intervention Study

Figure 2

Relationship between ingested product and BMD¹. (a) BMD of lumbar spine. (b) BMD of proximal femur. Values are shown as the mean (SD) with error bars. Dotted line is the control group, dashed line is the LE group, and solid line is the LECA group. Two-way factorial analysis of variance was performed with type of ingested product and intervention period as factors. p values are shown for ingested product (drink), intervention period (time), and interaction. (a) Drink:  = 0.666; time:  = 0.956; interaction:  < 0.001. (b) Drink:  = 0.771; time:  = 0.413; interaction:  < 0.0011. BMD: bone mineral density. SD: standard deviation. The LE group received a nonsupplemented lemon beverage containing citric acid. The LECA group received a lemon beverage containing citric acid supplemented with Ca.

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