Trends and Determinants of Underweight among Children under Five Years in Ethiopia: Further Analysis with Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2005–2016—Multivariate Decomposition Analysis

Table 3

Trends in underweight among children under five years from 2005, 2011, and 2016 EDHS.

Characteristics	2005; N = 8,123	2011; N = 9,496	2016; N = 8,755	Percentage point difference in underweight
				Phase I (2011–2005)	Phase II (2016–2011)	Phase III (2016–2005)
Age of women
<20	30.00	27.50	29.10	−2.50	1.60	−0.90
20–34	28.18	30.50	24.40	2.32	−6.10	−3.78
35–49	31.00	31.63	26.63	0.63	−5.00	−5.63
Region
Tigray	30.16	35.63	24.46	5.47	−11.17	−5.70
Afar	38.10	42.92	38.20	4.82	−4.72	0.10
Amhara	37.00	34.67	28.15	−2.33	−6.52	−8.85
Oromia	26.80	26.28	22.84	−0.52	−3.44	−3.96
Somali	30.00	31.38	26.88	1.38	−4.50	−3.12
Benishangul-Gumuz	36.28	33.28	33.39	−3.00	0.11	−2.89
SNNPR	26.00	29.08	20.75	3.08	−8.33	−5.25
Gambela	30.20	21.17	20.00	−9.03	−1.17	−10.20
Harari	33.33	20.45	19.69	−12.88	−0.76	−13.64
Addis-abeba	16.10	6.16	4.70	−9.94	−1.46	−11.40
Dirie-dawa	27.27	28.71	24.93	1.44	−3.78	−2.34
Religion
Orthodox	28.00	28.67	22.00	0.67	−6.67	−6.00
Protestant	30.00	31.00	27.08	1.00	−3.92	−2.92
Muslim	25.36	24.00	21.27	−1.36	−3.27	−2.92
Catholic	30.88	33.64	28.20	2.76	−5.44	−2.68
Traditional	40.43	31.43	39.00	−9.00	7.57	−1.43
Husband/partner educational status
None	35.08	35.28	31.14	0.20	−4.14	−3.94
Primary	25.80	27.21	21.53	1.41	−5.68	−4.27
Secondary+	17.00	14.96	15.44	−2.04	0.48	−1.56
Women educational status
None	33.52	33.69	29.63	0.17	−4.06	−3.89
Primary	22.70	24.31	19.33	1.61	−4.98	−3.37
Secondary+	11.51	8.80	10.86	−2.71	2.06	−0.65
Household wealth quantile
Poor	34.61	36.47	31.73	1.86	−4.74	−2.88
Middle	30.10	31.40	24.18	1.30	−7.22	−5.92
Rich	19.86	20.18	14.43	0.32	−5.75	−5.43
Residence
Rural	31.60	33.00	27.54	1.40	−5.46	−4.06
Urban	15.44	14.77	13.55	−0.67	−1.22	−1.89
Sex of child
Female	28.00	28.12	24.14	0.12	−3.98	−3.86
Male	30.00	31.87	26.00	1.87	−5.87	−4.00
Vaccination status
Vaccinated	31.25	32.46	26.19	1.21	−6.27	−5.06
Not vaccinated	31.07	28.73	23.62	−2.34	−5.11	−7.45
Place of delivery
Home	33.22	32.60	29.31	−0.62	−3.29	−3.91
H Institution	16.67	12.70	16.35	−3.97	3.65	−0.32
Duration of breast feeding
Ever BF NK	31.00	32.25	27.61	1.25	-4.64	−3.39
Never breastfed	28.80	26.56	28.83	−2.24	2.27	0.03
Still breastfed	26.60	27.56	21.74	0.96	−5.82	−4.86
Size of a child at birth
Average+	25.85	26.29	22.03	0.44	−4.26	−3.82
Below average	37.20	38.22	33.43	1.02	−4.79	−3.77
Birth order
1	23.41	25.90	20.90	2.49	−5.00	−2.51
2–3	26.35	28.26	22.51	1.91	−5.75	−3.84
4–5	32.85	32.71	28.45	−0.14	−4.26	−4.40
6+	32.63	32.94	28.47	0.31	−4.47	−4.16
Parity
1	20.53	25.32	18.01	4.79	−7.31	−2.52
2–3	26.02	27.31	22.50	1.29	−4.81	−3.52
4–5	32.24	32.38	27.87	0.14	−4.51	−4.37
6+	32.84	33.07	28.78	0.23	−4.29	−4.06
Anemic level in women
Anemic	31.00	33.00	28.51	2.00	−4.49	−2.49
Nonanemic	28.00	29.13	23.26	1.13	−5.87	−4.74
History of ANC visit
No	34.75	34.17	29.52	−0.58	−4.65	−5.23
Yes	21.73	27.55	20.13	5.82	−7.42	−1.60
BMI of women
<18.51	37.80	39.22	34.31	1.42	−4.91	−3.49
18.52–24.99	27.70	28.00	23.73	0.30	−4.27	−3.97
25.00–29.99	25.00	19.66	23.01	−5.34	3.35	−1.99
Husband/partner occupational status
Working	26.34	25.00	25.17	−1.34	0.17	−1.17
Not working	34.53	30.21	25.41	−4.32	−4.80	−9.12
Women occupational status
Working	32.26	29.50	25.65	−2.76	−3.85	−6.61
Not working	33.56	30.51	24.26	−3.05	−6.25	−9.30