Abstract
Polyacrylates have become the preferred materials for optical applications replacing the conventionally used glass due to their superior optical clarity. The major disadvantage with polyacrylates is their low (1.40–1.50) refractive index besides their poor impact resistance. The improvements in refractive index as well as mechanical properties can be achieved by way of incorporation of metals or metal compounds in the matrix. A novel methodology for the incorporation of high refractive index metals into low refractive index polymeric materials to improve the refractive index and impact resistance of the latter has been developed. With the in-situ formation of nanoparticles of , the refractive index of polyacrylates improved from 1.45 to 1.53 and the Abbe number increased from 40 to 57. One of the interesting dimension of this study pertains to the possibility of tailor-making of the two key optical properties of materials by way of varying the amount of being formed in-situ. Thermal stability and impact resistance of nano dispersed (4.3% by wt. of Ti) polyacrylates are found to be better than the neat polyacrylates. Moreover, -containing polyacrylate is of light weight. TEM, SEM, and IR analysis confirms the in-situ formation of nanoparticles of . Gamma irradiation has been used as an eco-friendly technique for polymerization. The developed compositions can be cast polymerized into clear and bubble free material for optical applications.
1. Introduction
Amongst the conventional materials used for optical applications, glass has been the most popular and till recently considered as the preferred candidate material. Glass, besides being a brittle and heavy material, is also prone to scratches. Plastics with optical properties as good as glass, if not better, have been found to be a better material than glass for various optical applications [1–7].
Apart from being light weight, optical plastics exhibit optical properties like refractive index, Abbe number, and transmittance superior to glass. These days, it has become possible to maneuver all of these properties by designing suitable optical plastics. However, it has been a challenge to manufacture optical plastics with high refractive index and high Abbe number. The other big challenge pertaining to the development of optical plastics concerns the tailor-making of properties. It has not been possible so far to have chemistries that can produce materials of varying properties as per requirements. For this, composite materials in devices such as lenses, coatings and filters are being extensively studied [8–11]. Organic-inorganic composite materials are being considered as the potential candidates for optical devices due to their properties of improved hardness, high refractive index and high Abbe number. The inorganic component such as metals and metal salts provide physico-mechanical properties to the matrix whereas the organic part or continuous phase such as plastics binds them together providing a uniform distribution of reinforced material, that is, metals. One of the approaches found [12] feasible and possible by the authors pertains to the in-situ synthesis and dispersion of nanoparticles of metals or metallic salts for the preparation of metal containing compositions. Incorporation of titanium in plastic matrices to form homogeneous and optically clear compositions was a challenge till recently.
Polyacrylates have been recognized as an obvious choice for optical applications, for example, spectacle lens [13]. The refractive index of polyacrylates is limited between 1.42 to 1.49 and to increase the refractive index further, dispersion of high refractive index metal compounds is one of the available options. The high refractive index and high hardness of titanium makes it a desirable metal for dispersion in optical plastics. It would be interesting to prepare high refractive index polymers based on acrylate as a base material.
In the present study, an attempt has been made to disperse titanium in different percentages in acrylate matrix and subsequently cast polymerized into lenses. Gamma radiation has been adopted for polymerization. By using gamma irradiation, the authors have been successful in creating a new range of acrylate polymers with unique features of high refractive index and high Abbe number.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
Acrylate monomer (99.9%) was procured from ACROS Chemicals, USA. Titanium precursor of industrial grade was procured from a local source. All the raw materials were used as such without further purification.
2.2. Methodology
(a) Dispersion of Titanium
Titanium precursor was added to the hydroxy alkyl acrylate monomer under vigorous stirring at room temperature for the formation of nanoparticles. The maximum possible amount of titanium that can be dispersed without adversely affecting the optical clarity of the acrylate monomer was determined and studied further.
(b) Cast Polymerization
The compositions were degassed under vacuum and injected into glass molds fitted in a gasket. They were then cast polymerized into lenses using gamma irradiation at dose rate of 25 kGy/12 hrs.
2.3. Characterization
(1) FTIR Analysis
The metal containing polymers were evaluated by FTIR for structural elucidation. The FTIR Spectrophotometer FTIR-ATR BOMEM (FTLA 2000) in transmittance mode from 4000–400 cm-1 was used.
(2) Thermal Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using SDT 2960 of TA Waters Instruments, USA. TGA was used to measure the thermal stability of the metal containing acrylate and to evaluate the residue content. The studies were carried out in nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of /min, from room temperature to .
(3) Particle Size and Surface Morphology and Homogeneity
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was performed on Morgagni 268D to determine the dispersion and particle size of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed on LEO 435 VP to study the particle shape of the dispersed material and surface morphology of the polymer.
Homogeneity of the cast polymerized lenses were evaluated with Polariscope Model 243, PTC Instruments, USA for the presence of bubbles in the lenses.
(4) Refractive Index and Abbe Number
Atago Refractometer DRM4 was used to determine the refractive index and Abbe number of the titanium nanocomposites [14].
(5) Transmittance (%)
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1700) was used to determine transmittance of the titanium containing polymer nanocomposites.
(6) Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of the polymer was determined as per ASTM D-792-00 [15].
(7) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
Inductively Coupled Plasma technique was used to determine the amount of titanium present in the matrix. The studies were carried out using ICP-OES (VISTA-MPX EL06033904) of Varian Instruments, Australia.
(8) Ash Content
Muffle furnace maintained at was used for evaluating the ash content of metal containing polymers. The residue was then weighed and ash percentage was calculated using the following formula:
where W1 = weight of empty crucible, W2 = weight of crucible + sample, and W3 = weight of ash + crucible (afterheating).
3. Results and Discussion
FTIR Analysis
FTIR spectra (Figure 1) of acrylate-titanium composite confirms the formation of titanium- acrylates.
The stretching vibration bands at 1730 and 2950 are ascribed to C=O and C–H bonds, respectively, [16]. The presence of absorption band at 1630 is due to TiO2 and a broad absorption band at 3400–3500 may be attributed to the Ti–OH bond [12]. It can infact, be said that the IR studies confirm the simultaneous formation and dispersion of TiO2 by the formation of intermediates in the acrylate matrix during the dispersion of the titanium precursor besides the formation of titanium-acrylate monomer. The mechanism is described (2)
(2)
Thermal Analysis
TGA analysis shows the thermal stability of the acrylate polymer and metal containing polymers. The TGA graphs in Figure 2 shows that the neat polymer decomposes completely without any residue at ~500°C while the metal dispersed polymer shows a residual content of 5% in (a) and 10% in (b).
The thermal stability of metal dispersed polymer is increased significantly as the content of the metal increases; the initial decomposition of the polyacrylate matrix without dispersion is at 120°C which increases to ~220°C in the case of 0.5% dispersion of titanium (a) and to ~240°C in the case of 4.3% dispersion of titanium (b).
(3) TEM and SEM Analysis
TEM images indicate a particle size <20 nm as shown in Figure 3 and 3.
The SEM images (Figure 4) confirms the shape of titanium particles to be cuboidal. The lenses were evaluated through polariscope and were found to be bubble free.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(4) Refractive Index and Abbe Number
The effect of titanium content on the refractive index of the acrylate matrix can be understood from Figure 5(a). As the incorporation of titanium in the acrylate matrix increases, the refractive index increases from 1.45 to 1.53. The effect of incorporation of titanium in the acrylate monomer on Abbe number can be seen from Figure 5(b). The Abbe number decreases from 57 to 40.
(a)
(b)
(5) Transmittance (%)
Titanium containing acrylates were found to be clear and transparent having a transmittance of more than 90%. This confirms the formation of transparent and clear compositions due to the dispersion of nanoparticles in the acrylate matrix.
(6) Specific Gravity
Specific gravity of the titanium containing polyacrylates is depicted in Figure 6. The specific gravity of the samples increases with the increase in the titanium content. Even though titanium is a heavy metal of specific gravity of 4.54 g/cm3, the specific gravity of the polymers is in the range of 1.29 to 1.33 which is similar to the specific gravity of optical polymers such as Polycarbonate (1.28), Polymethyl Methacrylate (1.26) and Polythiourethane (1.36) which supports the fact that metal composites are suitable for optical applications.
(7) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
ICP analysis was carried out to determine the percentage dispersion of titanium in the metal containing polymers. The ICP results are found to agree closely with the theoretical value and falls in the range of 0.5% to 4.3% by wt.
(8) Ash Content
Ash content of the sample as evaluated from the furnace studies was used to indicate the residue (%) of the metal containing polymer. The polymer was burnt to ash and the residue (%) was calculated. The graph in Figure 7 shows the increase in ash content (%) with increase in content of titanium.
4. Conclusions
From the above studies, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1)Metal containing polyacrylates with improved refractive index and desired Abbe number suitable for optical applications have been developed successfully.(2)Microscopy studies indicate the formation of transparent and clear nanocomposites where the refractive index and Abbe number can be tailor made between 1.45–1.53 and 40–57, respectively.(3)Novel nanocomposites of polyacrylates have been developed for the first time which paves the way for the use of hybrid materials for high refractive index applications.Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to the Management of Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, India, for guidance and support. The authors also thank Department of Science & Technology, India for sponsoring the work.