Effect of Microwave Power on the Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid-Coated Manganese-Ion-Doped Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles

Bhattacharjee, Baibaswata; Lu, Chung-Hsin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/916750

Journal of Nanotechnology

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2011 | Article ID 916750 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/916750

Effect of Microwave Power on the Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid-Coated Manganese-Ion-Doped Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles

Baibaswata Bhattacharjee¹and Chung-Hsin Lu²

Academic Editor: John A. Capobianco

Received23 Mar 2011

Accepted18 Apr 2011

Published23 Jun 2011

Abstract

Bright ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles have been synthesized employing microwave irradiation technique and using zinc 2-ethylhexanoate as a novel zinc precursor. A series of samples is obtained by changing the microwave power (from 150 W to 500 W) to study its effect on the physical properties of the ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles. The particle size increases with increasing microwave power for the samples synthesized in the microwave range of 150 W to 300 W. The decrease in particle size for higher microwave power (400 W and 500 W) can be described as an onset of the secondary nucleation due to the excess energy associated with the higher microwave power. The sample synthesized with microwave power of 300 W shows highest luminescence intensity suggesting increase in Mn²⁺ luminescence center for the sample synthesized at 300 W, as supported by the quantity analysis results.

1. Introduction

Over the last few years, a considerable interest in the novel optical and electrical properties of doped semiconductor nanocrystals has emerged [1–5]. Semiconductor nanocrystals are interesting from a physical and chemical point of view mainly because several of their properties are very different from those of bulk materials [3]. In particular, the significant size-dependent change in the band gaps has attracted much attention. This so-called quantum-size effect allows one to tune the absorption and emission colors of nanocrystal by varying the crystal radius.

Mn²⁺-doped materials represent a class of phosphors, which have already found their way in many applications. The ⁴T₁ → ⁶A₁ transition within the 3d⁵ configuration of the divalent manganese ion has been studied extensively, and its orange-yellow luminescence in ZnS is well documented [6]. This luminescence has also been observed in nanocrystalline ZnS : Mn²⁺ [7], and applications have already been suggested [8–10]. Different types of Mn²⁺ centers are present in nanocrystalline ZnS : Mn²⁺, but the orange luminescence originates exclusively from Mn²⁺ ions on Zn²⁺ sites, where the Mn²⁺ is tetrahedrally coordinated by S²⁻. ZnS doped with manganese ions (yellow-orange emission at around 590 nm) [7], copper ions (green emission at around 510 nm) [11], and silver ions (blue emission at around 440 nm) [12] have a potential application in field emission devices (FEDs) [13]. Organometallic methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles have been described by Bhargava et al. [7] and Gallagher et al. [14]. Yu et al. synthesized ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles in methanol using sodium polyphosphate as the capping agent [15]. Recently, sonochemical synthesis [16] of ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles has also been reported. Precipitations from homogeneous solutions have been reported where it was found that particle size is a function of the nature of the associated anions [17, 18]. Recently, the synthesis of in situ capping of carboxylic acid on ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticle surface resulting surface passivated bright nanophosphor has been reported employing microwave irradiation technique using zinc 2-ethylhexanoate as a novel zinc precursor [19].

This communication reports the systematic study on the effect of variation in synthesis condition, such as microwave power, and on the physical properties of the ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles synthesized employing the similar technique used earlier [19].

2. Experimental Details

Microwave irradiation technique is employed to synthesize manganese-doped zinc sulfides (ZnS : Mn²⁺) nanoparticles. Zinc 2-ethylhexanoate [CH₃(CH₂)₃CH(C₂H₅)COO]₂Zn] and thiourea [NH₂CSNH₂] are dissolved at a molar ratio of Zn/S 1 to 10 in a solvent made by a mixture of methanol and deionized water (volume ratio 5 : 1). Excess amount of sulfur is used to ensure the completion of the reaction. Manganese acetate is used as the Mn precursor. 1 atomic % Mn²⁺ doping was carried out through dissolving manganese acetate in the solution and stirred at room temperature for 15 min. The solutions were then sonicated for 90 min. A high-intensity ultrasonic bath (Branson 3510) is used for ultrasonic irradiation.

After sonication and 1 hour of stirring, the solution was transferred in a teflon autoclave upto 60% of its volume. The inner walls of the vessels are made of tetrafluormethaxil (TFM), and the outer walls are made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK). A high-performance microwave digestion unit (MLS 1200 Mega) operated at the frequency 2450 MHz was used for microwave synthesis. The microwave generator was programmed to shut down for keeping the system at the set temperature. Once the reaction was over, the system was allowed to cool to room temperature. The microwave power was set at 150, 200, 300, 400, and 500 W to synthesize a series of ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles. The precipitates were centrifuged, washed with deionized water, ethanol, and acetone for several times, and dried at 70°C in vacuum for characterization process.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed using a Hitachi H-7100 microscope operated at the voltage of 100 kV. Powder dispersed in ethanol was carefully placed on the carbon-coated Cu grid for TEM study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was performed in an MAC M03 XHF diffractometer using Ni-filtered Cu K_α radiation (.154056 nm) as X-ray source at 40 kV, 30 mA. The θ/2θ scans were carried out at a scanning speed of 1°/min in the 2θ range of 20° to 65°. Optical absorption spectra were recorded using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi-U3410) at the room temperature with a resolution of nm along with a photometric accuracy of ±0.3%. The photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed using a Hitachi F-4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer using Xe lamp as an excitation source. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were recorded using a Bruker EMX X-band spectrometer. The microwave frequency was 9.76 GHz, and a 100 kHz field modulation was used. The quantity analysis of elements was performed using a inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Kontron S-35).

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Microstructural Study

Figure 1 shows the representative TEM of ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles, synthesized at power of 300 W, with the corresponding diffraction pattern in inset. The presence of small, nearly monodisperse ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles is clearly visible from the micrograph. The diffraction pattern of the sample consists of a central halo with concentric broad rings. The rings correspond to the reflections from (111), (220), and (311) planes confirming the cubic crystallographic structure of the ZnS nanoparticles. The average size () of the nanocrystallites determined from TEM is around 3.96 nm (±0.5 nm).

Figure 2 shows the wide-angle X-ray diffraction spectra of 1 atom % Mn-doped ZnS nanoparticles in the 2θ range of 20–65° synthesized using different microwave powers. All the samples exhibit very similar XRD patterns suggesting the same structure and nearly the same size for all the samples. The spectrum for the sample synthesized at 300 W showed sharpest peaks compared to the other samples indicating better crystalline nature of that sample. All samples showed reflections from (111), (220), and (311) plane confirming the zinc-blend structure. It is well known that the XRD pattern from the nanocrystal broadens due to the finite size effect, which is described in terms of the Scherrer formula Here, the coherence length, , is related to the full width at half-maximum (fwhm), , of the peak centered at , recorded with X-rays of wavelength, . The diameter, , of the nanocrystal is then given by , assuming the particles are spherical in shape. The particle size obtained using (1) is shown in Table 1 for samples synthesized with different microwave power. It is interesting to note that the particle size increases for the samples synthesized using a microwave power from 150 W to 300 W. When the microwave power reached 400 W, the particle size becomes smaller. The same trend is observed for the nanoparticles synthesized using 500 W microwave power. The decrease in particle size for higher microwave power (400 W and 500 W) can be described as an onset of the secondary nucleation due to the excess energy associated with the higher microwave power. The microwave power can be described as a decisive factor for the microstructure and particle size of the samples synthesized using microwave irradiation. Excess energy associated with higher microwave power can “defocus” the particle nucleation process starting secondary nucleation, which shifts the average particle size to a lower value; even the starting solution has; same monomer concentration.

3.2. Optical Study

Figure 3 shows the optical absorption spectra of ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles synthesized under different microwave powers. The UV-VIS absorption spectra show sharp absorption edges and sharp excitonic features characteristic of nearly monodispersed nanocrystals in every case. The sharp and asymmetrical peaks occurred in the range of wavelength around 291~304 nm for the samples prepared with varied microwave power. The sharp peaks are attributed to the electron-hole pairs caused by the quantum confinement, that is, an exciton energy level. The UV-absorption edge provides us a reliable estimate of the band gap of any system. The optical band gaps of these nanophosphors are obtained as 3.94 eV for 500 W, 3.86 eV for 400 W, 3.82 eV for 300 W, 3.91 eV for 200 W, and 4.00 eV for 150 W microwave power, respectively, as shown in the inset of Figure 3. All the samples showed band gap value larger than that of bulk ZnS, 3.68 eV [20], at room temperature suggesting quantum size effect in the samples due to their small sizes. To correlate the size of the nanocrystals with the band gap shift, one compares the calculated variation of band gap as a function of the size with the experimental values from the UV-VIS absorption spectra. Further, the blue shift of the band gap () could also be utilized to determine the particle size using the relation [21]

where is the dielectric constant , is Planck constant, and are the effective masses of electrons and holes ( = 0.34 and = 0.23 ), respectively, is the electronic charge, and is the reduced electron electron-hole effective mass. To use the above equations, the particle sizes were determined as 3.29 nm for 500 W, 3.74 nm for 400 W, 4.44 nm for 300 W, 4.08 nm for 200 W, and 3.57 nm for 150 W, respectively. These values were comparable to those obtained from XRD studies, as shown in Table 1. The increase in the optical band gap and decrease in particle size for higher microwave power (400 W and 500 W) can be described as the onset of secondary nucleation due the application of excess microwave power as discussed in Section 3.1.

3.3. ESR Study

Room temperature ESR spectra of ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles synthesized using different microwave powers measured at 9.76 GHz are shown in Figure 4. All of these spectra are consistent with Mn²⁺ residing in the Zn²⁺ sites of the lattice. Hyperfine sextet due to the interactions between the d electrons and the spin-5/2 nucleus of the Mn is visible in the spectra. At low manganese-ion concentrations, a characteristic six line pattern of Mn²⁺ in the cubic ZnS lattice appears. In a cubic ZnS lattice containing substitutional Mn²⁺, hyperfine transitions are due to , which gives rise to the characteristic six line spectrum. The spin Hamiltonian can be written as [22]

Here, is the Bohr magneton, is the applied magnetic field, and , , and are the ESR parameters. The first term in (4) is due to Zeeman interaction, the second is due to cubic field, the third is due to fine-structure splitting, and the fourth is due to hyperfine interaction with the Mn nucleus.

The sample synthesized at 150 W exhibits a distinct six-line spectrum having a larger hyperfine splitting with g and values 2.0013 and 89 × 10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹, respectively. Similar parameters were deduced by Kennedy et al. [22] for nanosized Mn-doped ZnS powder ( and cm⁻¹). With increasing the microwave power, the values of both the ESR parameters decrease and reache at and 88.8 × 10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹ for the sample synthesized at microwave power 300 W. With the increase in microwave power, the spectra show less hyperfine splitting. The XRD and TEM studies indicate a growth of the particle sizes with increasing the microwave power up to 300 W, so the change in the ESR structure can be attributed to the greater distance between the Mn²⁺ ions and the surfaces of the larger crystalline domains or particles. The broad background signals, superimposed to the hyperfine sextet, are likely due to magnetic interactions among the Mn²⁺ ions. It can be observed that these features become more prominent when the microwave power is changed from 150 W to 300 W. As the particles coalesce, the axial fields decrease, but the Mn–Mn interactions become stronger due to a decrease in the average separation between Mn ions. For the samples synthesized with microwave powers 400 W and 500 W, EPR spectra again show more hyperfine splitting compared to the sample synthesized at 300 W. This observation can be attributed to the smaller particle sizes in these samples, and the result is consistent with XRD and optical studies.

3.4. Photoluminescence (PL) Study

The room temperature PL spectra of the ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles are presented in Figure 5. Each of the spectra consists of two emission bands. The main peak is the yellow-orange luminescence, a characteristic of the transition of Mn²⁺ ion at symmetry in ZnS host at about 590 nm [7]. A weak and broad blue emission centered at about 450 nm was also observed in addition to this bright yellow-orange emission (not shown in the figure). The weak peak at blue region can be attributed to the S²⁻ vacancies in the ZnS host [23, 24].

It was reported [25] that in Mn²⁺-activated ZnS nanocrystals in which the Mn²⁺ ions are distributed outside the ZnS nano-crystals, the PL emission is totally different from that of Mn²⁺-doped ZnS nano-crystals in which the Mn²⁺ is incorporated within the nano-crystals. When the Mn²⁺ is incorporated within the crystals, both the 435 nm blue emission of ZnS and the orange Mn²⁺ emission at 590 nm are observed. However, in the Mn²⁺-activated ZnS nano-crystals in which the Mn²⁺ ions are distributed outside the ZnS crystals, no orange emission at 590 nm is observed, a new peak at 350 nm appears, and the blue 435 nm emission in ZnS is considerably quenched and shifted to 390 nm. The comparison of these observations with the results of the present study suggests that in this case, the Mn²⁺ ions are incorporated within the ZnS nanoparticles.

It can be noticed that the main peak in spectrum for the sample synthesized at 300 W is red shifted (~8 nm) compared to the sample synthesized at 150 W. The peak position of the yellow emission undergoes a red shift with increasing particle size up to about 4.5 nm (for the sample prepared at microwave power 300 W). When the microwave power is increased to 400 W, the particle size is decreased to 4.08 nm, and the peak position again shifts to lower wavelengths. The trend is continued for the sample prepared at 500 W. The models involving either a size-dependent phonon coupling [26] and crystal fields [27] or a near-surface location of the Mn²⁺ ions [28] can be presented as an explanation for the observed PL peak shift in the present study. It should be pointed out that the Mn²⁺ emission band in ZnS nanoparticles may shift to higher or to lower energies compared to bulk ZnS : Mn²⁺, depending on both the size and the surface effects [26]. The increase in particle size leads to red shift of the emission peak consistent with quantum size effect. The decrease in the density of surface states with increasing particle size can be attributed to the observed red shift in emission peak wavelength. For the samples synthesized at 400 W and 500 W (Figure 5), the particle size decreases, which leads to the emission peak to the higher energy again.

The PL line shape is also found to change remarkably depending upon the microwave power used for synthesis. The sample obtained at the smallest microwave power (150 W) shows no significant yellow band exhibiting a broad blue emission. The yellow-orange emission peaked at about 590 nm is observed to get strengthened at the expense of the blue emission with increasing microwave power up to 300 W indicating a decreased disorder in the samples. Therefore, it may be suggested that the elevated local temperatures with increasing microwave power in the microwave-irradiated solution promotes improved crystallinity of the resulting product and also causes Mn²⁺ diffusion inside ZnS particles.

It is found that when the microwave power supply is set to 300 W, the highest emission intensity is obtained. This observation can be attributed to the increase in Mn²⁺ luminescence center for the sample synthesized at 300 W, as supported by the ICP results shown in Table 2. It is found that the Mn²⁺ incorporation is highest (Zn/Mn = 1 : 0.0039) in ZnS structure when the microwave power is set at 300 W. Mn²⁺ incorporation in Zn²⁺ site decreases for both cases: if the microwave power is (a) increased beyond 300 W or (b) decreased below 300 W. The decrease in luminescence intensities in the samples synthesized at microwave powers beyond or below 300 W can be associated with less number of luminescence centers present in those samples compared to the sample synthesized with 300 W.

The luminescence quantum efficiency of the samples, synthesized at different levels of microwave powers, was calculated using the lamp phosphor BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇ : Eu²⁺ (BAM, commercial phosphor purchased from Philips). This phosphor has a known quantum efficiency of about 90% for an excitation wavelength of 300 nm [12]. The emission spectra ( nm) of both BAM and the sample with unknown quantum efficiency were recorded under the same circumstances. To ensure the same packing density, the sample and the phosphor were weighed beforehand. The quantum efficiency was calculated with (5), assuming that BAM and the sample have about the same absorbance (~100% according to diffuse reflection measurements) at an excitation wavelength of 300 nm

where QE_sample = quantum efficiency of the sample at nm, QE_BAM = quantum efficiency of BAM at nm (90%), = integrated emission intensity of the sample at nm, and = integrated emission intensity of BAM at nm.

The quantum efficiency calculated with this formula gives a reasonable estimate of the actual quantum efficiency (error estimated to be about 10%), and it provides a good way to compare the absolute quantum efficiencies of the various samples. The quantum efficiency of the sample synthesized at 300 W was found to be 15.3%, which is the highest among the set of samples synthesized at other microwave power levels.

Therefore, it can be suggested from the experimental observations that there exists an optimum energy for synthesis of brightest ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles corresponding to microwave power 300 W. This condition of synthesis results in more complete crystal structure with fewer defects and also enhances the probability of manganese ions to substitute for zinc ions.

4. Conclusions

Highly luminescent ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles are successfully synthesized employing microwave irradiation technique using zinc 2-ethylhexanoate as a novel zinc precursor. A series of ZnS : Mn²⁺ nanoparticles is synthesized changing the microwave power (from 150 W–500 W) when all other synthesis conditions are kept fixed. Electron spin resonance (ESR) study showed a hyperfine sextet indicating well-separated Mn²⁺ states without agglomeration for all the samples. All members of the series showed bright yellow-orange luminescence at about 585 nm, a characteristic of transition of Mn²⁺ ion at symmetry in ZnS crystals. The sample synthesized with microwave power of 300 W shows highest luminescence intensity.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank DuPont Taiwan Ltd. and National Science Council, Taiwan, for the partial financial support of this study under Contract no. NSC100-3113-E002-011.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2011 Baibaswata Bhattacharjee and Chung-Hsin Lu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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