Abstract
The paper focuses on the influence of the protrusion of the rod electrode on critical voltage in the DC electrospinning process. On the testing and industrial DC electrospinning devices, electrodes of any kind are extended towards the counter electrode. This provides the maximal, that is, supercritical, electric field intensity on the spinning-electrode orifice that is found to be higher than on the other supplementary parts. The principal study and experiments with basic apparatus were carried out and presented by Taylor in 1966. This study is focused on the arrangement closely related to the design of the real electrospinning device with respect to the safety and technological aspects. Results of the carried out experiments of the rod spinning-electrode are compared with the electrostatic simulation and analytical calculation. The presented effect of the electrode protrusion on the potential difference and the critical field strength introduces valuable information for the designers of electrospinning machines as well as for the setting up of the optimal technological parameters for producing modern nonwoven textile products.
1. Introduction
Nanofibers are mostly produced by the electrospinning. This technology has opened a wide range of industrial applications in many fields, for example, filtration [1], electrically conductive nanofibers [2], membranes for batteries [3], nanofiber composites [4], medicine and wound dressing [4], materials for tissue engineering [5], and materials for drug delivery system [6].
The principle of the electrospinning is based on a high voltage that is applied to an electrospinnable polymeric solution. The process begins with reaching of a specific value of the electric field strength , which is called critical field intensity value, after overcoming of a liquid surface tension. For this purpose many technologies have been developed.
The basic technology for production of nanofibers is called the needle electrospinning. The main idea of this method is to dose a polymeric solution through a charged needle. Droplet of solution at the needle orifice is subjected to a strong electric field. After applying high voltage to the polymeric solution the Taylor cones formation can be observed [7] on the top of the droplet. The Taylor cone develops into a jet that produces fibers.
Another method was developed in 2003 by Yarin and Zussman [8]. This new technology is based on the use of a ferromagnetic suspension to electrospinning a polymer solution without needles. In the needleless way of electrospinning the principle of electrospinning from a free surface of polymeric layer is applied. In the environment of high external electric field the electrospun liquid is destabilized [9]. The effect of instability is described as Larmor-Tonks-Frenkel one. This effect has its nature in the self-organization by the mechanism of the “fastest forming instability,” that is, of the fastest growing capillary wave [10–12]. Plenty of polymer jets are created by using needleless spinning-electrodes. These jets are made from a free liquid surface of a thin polymeric layer. The advantage of this method is, in terms of productivity of nanofibers, easier maintenance of a spinning-electrode and more homogeneous electric field. In 2004 the first machine for the mass production was developed and introduced for commercialization under the brand name Nanospider [13].
Apart from the previously mentioned technologies that use the DC voltage, the researchers at the Technical University of Liberec introduced a new method, where the AC voltage is applied [14]. This technology brings new possibilities as only one electrode is required.
All the presented technologies are based on the use of high voltage. From the device designing and construction point of view, it is crucial to maintain both the sufficient power supply to run the electrospinning process and also the sufficient electrical isolation of devices at the critical field intensities. The electrode design and its connection to the frame with zero potential bring heavy demands on the device construction and need to be therefore investigated. Exact investigation of the electrode protrusion length on the critical voltage difference between the spinning-electrode and a collector would therefore contribute to optimal arrangement of electrospinning devices. Thus, device size can be optimized, while maintaining equivalent production and safety parameters.
2. Configuration of Electrodes in Electrospinning Process
The configuration of DC based electrospinning technology is shown in the scheme in Figure 1. This scheme describes an example of vertical configuration where the fibers are transported from the positively charged spinning-electrode towards the negatively charged counter electrode, that is, collector. Both electrodes are electrically supplied and are connected by means of isolated parts to the device frame that is connected to the zero potential. There are many types of configurations and the rod electrodes used for the electrospinning process [16].
The formation of the Taylor cone from a free polymeric layer is shown in Figure 2. The critical electrical intensity required to form the Taylor cone on the free liquid surface can be calculated aswhere represents the liquid surface tension, the liquid density, the gravitational acceleration, and the air permittivity [9].
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In order to maintain the required value of , a certain value of potential difference at the electrodes needs to be set. Depending on the electrode geometry, material, and also the geometry of additional parts in the electrospinning setup, the necessary potential difference can vary. The influence of protrusion of rod electrode in the electrospinning setup was studied and presented by Taylor in 1966 [17]. In this work Taylor modified Zeleny’s single-plate apparatus [18] and tested the “two-plate” one that is shown in Figure 3. Based on the experiment results [15] Taylor formulated (2) that expresses the electrical force as a function of the voltage , the distance between plates , the protrusion of the rod electrode , and the outer radius :Considering the critical condition of the electrospinning process, the electrical force is equal to the capillary force at the perimeter of the Taylor cone with the vertical angle (as shown in Figure 2(c)). Considerwhere represents the symbol for the capillary tension used by Taylor. At the critical stage thereforeand the critical voltage is thenThis formulation is presented in the work [15]. Here the distance between plates , the protrusion of the rod electrode , and the outer radius are expressed in units cm, capillary tension is expressed in mN/m, and is expressed in kV due to the unit correction factor 0.09.
3. Experiment
The aim of this experiment is to determine the optimal protrusion of the rod electrode above a plate and examine the influence of this plate on the start of the DC based electrospinning process. With respect to Taylor’s analysis, the experiment with axisymmetric geometry of electrodes and plate was set up. This experimental setup, however, reflects the spinning devices, where nonconductive materials may be used. Therefore, the material of the lower plate is made of polycarbonate (Makroclear). The scheme of our experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 4. Collector 1 (the negatively charged electrode) is a steel plate with outer diameter of 400 mm and thickness of 2 mm. The nonwoven textile spunbond (Pegas Nonwovens, CZ) 2 textile was placed on the collector from the bottom side to collect fibres. Rod electrode 6 was made of hollow plastic rod with the outer diameter of 7.6 mm. The tip of rod 6 was covered by steel cylinder 4 with outer diameter of 7.6 mm and thickness of 1 mm. The high voltage was transmitted to cylinder 4 by means of a cable through the inner hole of plastic rod 6. Plate 5 was made of PMMA with outer diameter of 400 mm and thickness of 10 mm. The length between collector 1 and electrode 4 remained constant at 150 mm during the whole experiment. In order to place polymeric droplet 3 of a certain volume on the tip of electrode 4, the precise syringe was used. During the experiment, protrusion of rod 6 electrode above plate 5 was changed.
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Plate 5 was expected to be exposed to the electrical field and therefore influence the electrical field strength at electrode orifice 4. The required potential difference to polymeric droplet 3 under various rod protrusions is therefore the main subject of this experiment. The critical potential was assessed when the first jet occurred on the polymeric droplet, as it is shown in Figure 5(a). The actual value of the voltage potential was determined from the high voltage power supply.
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The room temperature was 24°C and RH was 51%. For the tested polymeric material, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Sloviol R16) (from Chemicke zavody Novaky, SK) was used. For our experiment, a solution of 12 wt.% PVA in distilled water was prepared. The capillary tension of the polymer is 40 mN/m.
The experiment was carried out for the 6 values of electrode protrusion with the following steps:(1)The required distance was set accordingly.(2)The droplet of volume 0.1 ± 0.05 mL was injected on the tip of the electrode by a syringe.(3)The voltage differential was switched on for 10 seconds.(4)The voltage was switched off for 60 seconds and the plate surface was discharged by touching of steel bar that was connected to the ground potential, as shown in Figure 5(b). The remaining polymeric droplet was removed from the electrode.(5)The set value of the voltage difference has been increased by repeating steps and , until the critical value was reached. The precise value of the critical voltage was measured by means of several tests with slightly increased and decreased voltage.By means of this procedure, the critical voltage for 6 variants of the electrode protrusion was determined and the results are shown in Table 1.
4. Electrostatic Analysis
The aim of the simulation of the presented task was to verify the assumption of constant critical intensity on the polymeric droplet at the moment of reaching the critical voltage. Based on the previous analysis of electrostatic problems of electrodes with different geometry, described in [19], the software Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics was used. It is an advanced software enabling calculation of engineering tasks by means of the finite element method (FEM).
Thanks to the axial symmetry of the studied problem, it can be solved as a 2-dimensional problem with axial symmetry. In order to set the FEM model, the 2D geometry was created according to dimensions described in the experiment. The material properties of tested parts were defined in the model. The applied voltage of the electrodes was set accordingly. The outer space, that is, the simulation box, was defined as a cylinder with outer diameter of 800 mm and applied voltage of 0 V on its outer boundary. In order to perform the simulation closely related to the experiment, the polymeric droplet was incorporated into the model. The geometry of the polymeric droplet was defined by means of spline corresponding to the droplet image and also to the overall volume of 0.1 mL.
For the simulation, the Electrostatic Field Strength and Voltage type analysis was selected. Figure 6(a) illustrates the voltage, that is, electric potential, distribution over the model and Figure 6(b) shows detailed view on the tip of the electrode where the required voltage is applied. Figure 7(a) illustrates the electric field strength distribution with the detailed view shown in Figure 7(b).
In Figure 7(b) the point of maximum intensity on the polymeric droplet can be observed. Because of changing curvature of the oval polymeric shape, the maximum value on the polymeric droplet is close to its outer diameter.
5. Results and Discussion
Results from the experiment are shown in Table 1. The dependence of the electrical potential based on the protrusion is shown in Figure 8. In this figure, the experimental results are compared with analytical calculation (5) that can be expressed for the carried out experiment asFrom the presented results we can observe the similar progressive character of both the experimental and Taylor’s analytical courses. In both cases the critical voltage increases while the electrode protrusion is reduced. In the case of nonconductive materials of the rod and the plate in the experimental setup, there is only marginal change of critical voltage from approximately 16 kV on the electrode protrusion of 100 ÷ 20 mm. The progressive increase of critical potential difference is present at the protrusion value of 20 mm, where the critical voltage begins to increase rapidly up to 34.5 kV at the minimal measured electrode protrusion of 2.5 mm. It means that electrodes with higher protrusion are not more efficient as they increase the required inner space without significant impact on the critical voltage reduction. In the case of the analytical calculation of Taylor’s setup (built up from conductive materials), the higher values of critical voltage were determined. Figure 9 illustrates results of the critical electric intensity with respect to the electrode protrusion. was determined by electrostatic analysis using the FEM method. In this analysis, the critical states of electrospinning were described by applied voltage corresponding to the experimentally determined values of critical voltage . The maximal values of electric intensity on the polymeric droplet were then evaluated and compared with the analytical calculation based on formula (1). The analysis results clearly show a progressive increase within the protrusion of 20 mm. In comparison, the analytical calculation defines the critical value only by polymer based factors and therefore remains constant. However, at the maximal electrode protrusion, the difference between results of analytical calculation and simulation is about 30%.
6. Conclusion
Presented work focuses on the influence of the rod electrode protruded above a plate at the critical condition of the electrospinning process. The aim of this work was to clarify new approaches to obtain optimal arrangement for electrospinning devices and thus optimize the electrospinning technology. Results of carried out experiments with the electrode and the plate made of nonconductive materials were compared with results of the corresponding setup made of conductive materials (based on Taylor’s experiments). This proves that, in the case of using nonconductive materials, the lower critical voltage is needed for starting the electrospinning process. This has positive impact on the operating conditions as even the lower critical voltage can satisfy the required condition for the electrospinning process. The lower operating voltage reduces the requirements on the electrospinning device size from the electrical and also the safety point of view.
Another aspect of the presented study is related to the optimal protrusion of the rod electrode. According to the experimental results, electrode protrusion from 20 to 100 mm does not bring any significant decrease in the critical voltage. For the tested setup the optimal protrusion is approximately 20 mm. This brings positive impact on the whole design of the device as it reduces the inner space required for efficient and safe operation of the device.
The devised FEM model enables one to analyze the electrical field strength distribution on the polymeric droplet. However, characteristic of the critical field strength course at the electrode orifice does not meet the assumption given by the theoretical calculation for a free liquid surface. This may be caused by an inappropriate shape of the polymeric droplet that goes through several stages, while Taylor’s cone is developing. It is assumed that, in spite of only 10 s long test, the surface of the plate was affected by certain amount of electrical charge. Furthermore, the level of plate charging during the tests was more significant as the electrode protrusion was lowered. Therefore, the electric field strength, based on the measured voltage, does not describe the state appropriately. In order to confirm these assumptions further experiments and electrostatic analysis with the droplet corresponding to different stages of Taylor’s cone formation should be undertaken.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This paper was written at the Technical University of Liberec as part of the Research and Development of Devices for Production of Nanofibers project with the support of the Specific University Research Grant, as provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic in the year 2015. The authors thank the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic for the financial support from the OPR & DI project Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0005). The authors also thank the Nanoprogress z.s.p.o. for providing its laboratory for carried out experiments.