Abstract
Interaction of conical carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with hydrogen during electrochemical treatment and its effect on their electronic properties was studied. The temperature dependencies of electroconductivity of initial and electrochemically hydrogenated conical CNTs were investigated by using four-probe van der Pauw method. The studies revealed that the electrochemical hydrogen absorption leaded to a significant reduction in the electroconductivity of conical carbon nanotubes. We assume that these changes can be associated with a decrease in the concentration of charge carriers as a result of hydrogen localization on the carbon π-orbitals, the transition from sp2 to sp3 hybridization of conical CNTs band structure, and, therefore, a metal-semiconductor-insulator transition.
1. Introduction
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) attract considerable attentions due to their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties that make them suitable for various applications such as supercapacitors, catalyst supports, energy storage devices, and additives [1–5]. The investigations of carbon nanotubes’ interaction with hydrogen are also of great interest [6–8]. A recent study [9] showed that graphene can react with atomic hydrogen, which, being localized on the carbon π-orbitals, leads to a transition from sp2 to sp3 hybridization of the graphite band structure and, hence, to a conductivity change. Considering the possible usage of carbon nanostructured materials and carbon based composites as lightweight microwave absorbers in the fields of communication, microwave devices, and electromagnetic pollution defense [10–14], the investigations on variation of the electrical and magnetic properties of carbon nanotubes are in the focus of interest.
In the present study conical carbon nanotubes were used as a testing material. Conical CNTs have a unique feature: the majority of their internal and external edges are open and this is favorable for hydrogen intercalation into their interplanar spaces. Previously, it was shown [15] that electrochemical hydrogen sorption leads to the structural changes occurring during hydrogenation in the conical walls of the CNTs. Such changes were associated with the hydrogen intercalation into the interplanar spaces of conical CNTs and its addition to the π-bonds of graphite layers. We assumed that localization of hydrogen on the carbon π-bonds should lead to electroconductivity reduction. A similar decrease in the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes by increasing the concentration of adsorbed hydrogen atoms was also theoretically described elsewhere [16].
The purpose of this work was to investigate temperature dependencies of electroconductivity of initial and electrochemically treated conical carbon nanotubes and to reveal hydrogen effect on the electronic properties of such structures.
2. Materials and Methods
Conical carbon nanotubes were grown by pyrolysis of granular polyethylene as described elsewhere [17]. The morphology and geometrical parameters of carbon nanomaterial were investigated by electron microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of as-prepared sample is presented in Figure 1.
The sample consists mainly of carbon nanotubes and nickel nanoparticles. These nanotubes are several microns in length, with outer diameters ranging between 40 and 50 nm and inner channels varying between 9 and 20 nm. The fringe spacing is 0.34 nm. A characteristic feature of these tubes is their conical structure formed by the open graphite planes (Figure 2).
Acid treatment in 65% aqueous solution of chemically pure nitric acid for one hour at 60°C of conical CNTs was performed to remove residual catalyst particles. After that acid was evaporated and treated CNTs were rinsed with distilled water, filtered, and dried at 105°C. X-ray diffraction and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments were carried out to study the as-prepared and treated with nitric acid CNTs. The results on X-ray diffraction experiments were the same as we described previously [15] and the effectiveness of acid treatment for the removal of residual catalyst particles was shown. Figure 4. presents the ESR spectra of carbon nanotubes composite.
ESR signal observed (line 1) is an asymmetric additive absorption curve. The obtained value of -factor (2.017) is close to the typical -factor for the metallic nickel [18]. So this allows us to explain the ESR spectra of the as-prepared sample as a signal from residual catalyst nickel particles. As one can see (Figure 3, line 2), the signal’s intensity reduces after acid treatment.
This confirms that the performed thermochemical treatment leaded to the removal of residual catalyst particles. Such catalyst-free samples were used as initial samples in order to eliminate the possible influence of Ni catalyst on electroconductivity of conical CNTs.
Hydrogenation of carbon nanotubes was performed using galvanostatic method in a three-electrode cell as described previously [15]. After hydrogenation the sample was rinsed with distilled water, filtered, and dried at 120°C for one hour to remove physically adsorbed molecules from the surface. After that carbon nanotubes (separately for initial and hydrogenated samples) were pressed into tablets (5 mg) for 6 hours to create a uniform structure. A set of 5 tablets for each of the samples was prepared. Ohmic contacts were made from 0.1 mm silver wire and fastened by silver paste. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of the conical CNTs was measured by using four-probe van der Pauw method at the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K.
To study the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of initial and hydrogenated samples a special setup was developed (Figure 4).
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 5 shows the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of initial and hydrogenated samples.
As one can see the electrochemical hydrogen absorption leads to a decrease in the electroconductivity of conical carbon nanotubes that can be associated with a decrease in the concentration of charge carriers as a result of hydrogenation. This can be explained as follows. The interaction of adsorbed hydrogen atoms with the surface of carbon nanotubes can be described using the periodic Anderson model. Since the geometric configuration of the CNTs determines their electroconductive properties, the proposed model is suitable to describe the adsorption on the surface of CNTs. In general, the periodic Anderson model [19] considers two groups of electrons: collectivized s-electrons and localized d-electrons. The collectivized particles are considered to be free, and localized particles interact with each other by Coulomb repulsion at the same site. The carbon atom in graphene layer forms three σ-type chemical bonds with the nearest neighbors. The fourth p-type orbital forms a π-type chemical bond describing states of collectivized electrons that determine the electroconductivity of carbon nanotube. A detailed analysis on the effect of adsorbed hydrogen atoms (adatoms) on the band structure of CNTs was presented in [20]. It was shown that a change in the band structure occurs near the energy level of the adatom, situated in the valence π-zone, and is expressed in the formation of an energy gap. Lowering the conductivity during hydrogen adsorption was due to the fact that some collectivized electrons of the crystal associated with hydrogen atoms and no longer participate in the charge transfer process.
Thus, it can be assumed that the electrochemical hydrogen treatment leads to hydrogen intercalation into the interlayer space of the nanotubes and its localization on the carbon π-bonds forming chemical C-H bonds. This in turn leads to a transition from sp2 to sp3 hybridization of graphite band structure and, therefore, to metal-semiconductor-insulator transition.
Temperature dependence of the electroconductivity of the samples subjects to the lawwhere and constants.
This dependence of the conductivity is typical for two-dimensional conductors with local disorder. Similar results on studying the electronic structure of multiwalled nanotubes were presented by Kotosonov and Shilo [21]. It was shown that the electronic structure of multiwalled nanotubes (diameter > 20 nm, as in our case) matches that of a two-dimensional graphite structure. Romanenko et al. [22] investigated the effects of different atmospheres on the temperature dependence of the resistivity of multilayer carbon nanotubes. The authors also observed an increase in resistance as the temperature decreased. It was suggested that physical and chemical adsorption of hydrogen leads to an increase in resistance. Temperature dependence of the conductivity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes annealed at different temperatures was investigated in [23]. It was found that the temperature dependence of the conductivity for multiwalled carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 20–22 nm are typical for the two-dimensional conductors with a local disorder. Mechanism of hydrogen adsorption on a single graphene was studied in [24]. Our investigations on hydrogen interaction with conical carbon nanotubes are similar to the above-mentioned work, since such type of nanotubes can be regarded as an agglomeration of conductive carbon planes, and the total effect on the conducting properties of hydrogenated carbon nanotubes reflect the physical and chemical fundamentals of graphene-to-graphane transformation. Indeed, the results obtained indicate that the electrochemical hydrogen absorption leads to a significant reduction in the conduction of conical carbon nanotubes that can be associated with a decrease in the concentration of charge carriers as a result of hydrogen absorption due to hydrogen localization on the carbon π-orbitals and the transition from sp2 to sp3 hybridization of conical CNTs band structure.
4. Conclusions
In this paper the investigation of the electrochemical treatment effect on electroconductivity of conical carbon nanotubes is presented. A successful attempt to change the conductivity of conical CNTs by hydrogen intercalation into their interplanar space was performed. The temperature dependencies of the electroconductivity of initial and hydrogenated conical carbon nanotubes were studied. The results obtained were typical for the electrical conductivity of two-dimensional conductors with local disorder. It was found that the electrochemical hydrogen absorption leads to a significant reduction in the conductivity of carbon nanotubes. It could be caused by the decrease in concentration of charge carriers due to the localization of hydrogen on the carbon π-orbitals and the transition from sp2 to sp3 hybridization of the band structure of conical CNTs.
The obtained results can be used to study hydrogen interaction with carbon nanostructured materials for the development of the carbon based materials with controllable electrophysical properties, nanoelectronic devices, and effective hydrogen containers.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grants nos. 14-08-31384 and 15-48-02420).