A Perspective Review on Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Nanofluids and Their Application in Automobile Radiator Cooling

Table 9

Some empirical correlations for the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids.

Model	Expression	Comment
Jana et al. [52]		CNTs-AuNP/water
		CNTs-CuNP/water
Esfe et al. [66]		Ag + MgO/water (50% : 50%); 0  0 : 02
Valan Arasu et al. [259]		TiO2-Ag/water
		0.1  0 : 4,
		35°C  T  60°C
Esfe et al. [90]		Cu-TiO2/water-ethylene
		Glycol (60 : 40)
		0 0 : 02
		30°C  T  60°C
Esfe et al. [193]		SWCNT-MgO/EG
		0  0 : 02
		30°C  T  50°C
Sarbolookzadeh Harandi et al. [189]		MWCNTs-Fe3O4/ethylene glycol
		0  0.023
		25°C  T  50°C
Sundar et al. [152]		ND-Fe3O4/water
	For T = 20°C, a = 1 : 0149; b = 0 : 2403	ND-Fe3O4/EG-water (20 : 80, 40 : 60, and 60 : 40)
	T = 30°C, a = 1 : 0188; b = 0 : 3751	0  0 : 002
	T = 40°C, a = 1 : 0157; b = 0 : 4728	20°C  T  60°C
	T = 50°C, a = 1 : 0168; b = 0 : 5697
	T = 60°C, a = 1 : 0150; b = 0 : 6818
Sundar et al. [151]		ND-Co3O4/water
		ND-Co3O4/ethylene
		Glycol
		ND-Co3O4/EG-water (20 : 80, 40 : 60, and 60 : 40)
		0  0 : 0015
		20°C  T  60°C
Vafaei et al. [191]		MgO-MWCNTs/ethylene glycol
		0  0 : 006
		25°C  T  50°C
Afrand [192]		MgO-fMWCNT/ethylene
		Glycol
		0  0 : 006
		25°C T 50°C
Rostami et al. [260]		MWCNTs-TiO2/ethylene glycol
		0.005  1
		25°C T 50°C
Esfahani et al. [150]		ZnO-Ag (50%–50%)/water for 25°C ≤ T ≤ 50°C, 0% ≤ ≤ 2%
Bagheri and Ahmadi Nadooshan [180]		ZnO-MWCNT/water-ethylene glycol (25%:75%)
		0.1% ≤ ϕ ≤ 1.6%,
		25°C ≤ t ≤ 50°C
Moradi et al. [174]		TiO2-MWCNTs (70–30)/EG-water
		0.0625% ≤ ϕ ≤ 1 : 0%,
		20°C ≤ t ≤ 50°C
Moghadam et al. [261]		GO-TiO2/water
		20°C ≤ T ≤ 50°C
		0% ≤  ≤ 1.0%
Mahyari et al. [145]		GO-SiC (50% : 50%)
		0.05% ≤  ≤ 1 : 0%
		25°C ≤ t ≤ 50°C
Rostami et al. [157]		CuO-GO/water-ethylene glycol (50% : 50%)
		0.1% ≤ ϕ ≤ 1.6%
		25°C ≤ t ≤ 50°C
Soltani et al. [226]		WO3-MWCNTs/engine oil
		0.05% ≤ ϕ ≤ 0 : 6%
		20°C ≤ t ≤ 60°C
Tiwari et al. [89]		CeO2+MWCNT (80:20)/water based for 30°C ≤ T ≤ 50°C, 0% ≤  ≤ 1 : 50%
Kamel et al. [117]		Al2O3-CeO2 (80 : 20)/water based
		0.01% ≤  ≤ 0 : 50%
		35°C ≤ T ≤ 50°C
Kanti et al. [262]		Fly ash-Cu/water
		0.5 <  < 4.0%
		30 < T < 60°C