Antiangiogenic Therapy and Mechanisms of Tumor Resistance in Malignant Glioma

Table 1

Anti-angiogenic agents trialled in high-grade glioma and their respective targets.

Antibody Therapies	Major Molecular Targets
Bevacizumab	Free VEGF-A
IMC-3G3	PDGFR alpha
Ramucirumab	VEGFR-2
Nimotuzumab	EGFR
AMG-102	Hepatocyte Growth Factor
VEGF-trap	Decoy receptor for VEGF
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Cediranib	VEGFR/PDGFR/c-Kit
Sorafenib	VEGFR/PDGFR/c-Kit/Raf
Sunitinib	VEGFR/PDGFR
AE788	EGFR/VEGFR
Erlotinib	EGFR
Imatinib	PDGFR/Bcr-abl/c-Kit
Dasatanib	Src kinases
Signal Pathway Inhibitors
Enzastaurin	Protein Kinase C
Rapamycin/Temsirolimus	mTOR
Tipifarnib	Ras
Other Agents
Thalidomide/Lenalidomide	NO/TNF alpha/IL-6
Celecoxib	Endostatin
Cilengitide	Integrins 𝛼𝑣𝛽3 and 𝛼𝑣𝛽5
2-methoxyestradiol	HIF1𝛼
Prinomastat	MMPs 2,9,13 and 14
SAHA(Vorinostat)	Histone deacetylase