TGF-β Superfamily Receptors—Targets for Antiangiogenic Therapy?

Figure 2

Dysregulation of the TGF-𝛽 pathway promotes tumor growth. An unbalanced TGF-𝛽 pathway can cause advanced tumorigenesis due to several cellular changes. On the one hand, the dysregulation has a direct effect on tumor cells leading to elevated tumor cell proliferation. Secondly, endothelial cells are affected which results in increased angiogenesis and therefore in tumor vascularization. Finally immune responses are attenuated due to inhibition of T cell proliferation and migration caused by dysregulated TGF-𝛽 signaling.