The Role of Nutraceuticals in Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy and Their Clinical Outcomes

Table 3

Single-dose clinical studies evaluating the bioavailability of phytochemicals or their conjugated or active metabolites.

Phytochemical	Route of administration	Form	Bioavailability area under the curve (AUC)	AUC values	Reference
Diadzein	Oral	Soy beverage	107 ± 49.16 ng·h/mL	Adjusted to the dose	[40]
		Soy extract capsules	142.61 ± 43.94 ng·h/mL	Adjusted to the dose	[40]
Geistein	Oral	Soy beverage	121.48 ± 70.98 ng·h/mL	Adjusted to the dose	[40]
		Soy extract capsules	131.04 ± 60.79 ng·h/mL	Adjusted to the dose	[40]
Curcumin conjugates (glucoronide + sulfate)	Oral	Curcuminoid powder extract capsule form (10 g)	35.33 ± 3.78 μg·h/mL	Relative	[41]
	Oral	Curcuminoid powder extract capsule form (12 g)	26.57 ± 2.97 μg·h/mL	Relative	[41]
Quercetin aglycone	Oral	Capsule (500 mg)	62.5 ng·h/mL	Relative	[42]
Quercetin-conjugated metabolites	Oral	Capsule (500 mg)	2000 ng·h/mL	Relative	[42]
*Rersveratrol	Oral	Caplet ranging from		Relative for all	[43]
		0.5 g	223.7^δ ng·h/mL
		1.0 g	544.8 (57.2) ng·h/mL
		2.5 g	78.6 (36.2) ng·h/mL
		5.0 g	1319 (59.1) ng·h/mL
°Sulforaphane	Oral	200 g broccoli		Relative	[45]
		Raw	495 ± 40 nM·h
		Cooked	286 ± 139 nM·h
EGCG	Oral	Average 200 mL beverage	AUC^κ	nd	[46]
D-Limonene (perillic acid a major active metabolite of d-Limonene)	Oral	40 oz of Lemonade	5.07 to 32.59 μM·h	Relative	[62]
Lycopene	Oral	Liquid form (tomato paste)	(AUC)0-96	Relative	[29]
		10 mg	214 ± 124.8 μg·h/dL
		30 mg	416.4 ± 183.9 μg·h/dL
		60 mg	421.7 ± 59.3 μg.h/dL
		90 mg	598.9 ± 396.8 μg·h/dL
		120 mg	655 ± 298.6 μg·h/dL

^*AUC value measured for resveratrol was AUC infinity with the coefficient of variance denoted in the brackets against the mean value.
^δFor the lowest dose of resveratrol AUC infinity value .
°AUC value measured for sulforaphane was AUC0-∞.
^κBased on the reference paper a list of various AUC values was given for different single doses as experimentally performed by different laboratories. Since the sample numbers were different, an average AUC value has not been given for this compound.
nd—not determined.