Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: Focus on Angiogenesis

Table 1

Tumor microenvironment and its compartments.

	Tumor entities
Microenvironment	Epithelial solid tumors	Hematological tumors
	For example, Breast Cancer	For example, multiple myeloma
Extracellular matrix (ECM)	fibronectin, laminin, collagen, proteoglycans, thrombospondin, fibrinogen, elastin, fibrin, tenascin, tetranectin	fibronectin, laminin, collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans
Cellular	Hematopoietic: TAM, T and B lymphocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, mesenchymal stem cells	Hematopoietic: HSCs, BM-derived CEPs, hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor and precursor cells, NK cells, NKT cells, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, DCs, monocytes, platelets, megakaryocytes, erythrocytes
	nonhematopoietic: CAFS, myoepithelial cells, ECs, pericytes	nonhematopoietic: fibroblasts/BMSCs, chondrocytes, OCs, OBs, ECs
Liquid	Hormones: estrogen, progesterone
	cytokines and growth factors: VEGF, HGF/SF, bFGF, PDGFα/β, TGFα/β, IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, GM-CSF, CSF-1, IGF-1/2, EGF, SDF-1	Cytokines and growth factors: VEGF, IGFs, TNFα, CD40, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-15, IL-21, HGF, bFGF, SDF-1, TGFβ, LIF, OSM, MIP-1α, Wnts
	proteases: cathepsin B and D, elastase, uPA, plasmin, MMPs (e.g., MMP-1, -2, -3, -9)	proteases: uPA, plasmin, MMPs (e.g., MMP-2, -9)

TAM: tumor-associated macrophage; NK: nature killer; CAFS: cancer-associated fibroblasts; EC: endothelial cell; HSC: hematopoietic stem cells; CEP: circulating endothelial precursor; NKT: nature killer T; DC: dendritic cell; BMSC: bone marrow stromal cell; OC: osteoclast; OB: osteoblast; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; HGF/SF: hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor; bFGF: basic Fibroblast Growth Factors; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; CSF: colony stimulating factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; SDF: stromal cell-derived factor; uPA: urokinase plasminogen activator; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; LIF: leukaemia inhibitory factor; OSM: oncostatin M; MIP-1α: macrophage inflammatory protein 1α.
References for breast cancer: [8–11].
References for multiple myeloma: [12].