Name Authors Results Function Number Method Year S-100 Luyten et al. [31 ] Present in 66% of UM metastasis Cytoskeletal 29 UM and metastasis IC 1996 HMB-45 Luyten et al. [31 ] (1) Present in 91% of UM metastasis. (2) Significantly more sensitive than S-100 (
= 0,04)
Unknown 29 UM and metastasis IC 1996 NKI-C3 Luyten et al. [31 ] Present in 71% of UM metastasis Unknown 29 UM and metastasis IC 1996 MIA Schaller et al. [50 ] 4 out of 5 primary UM (80%) and 6 out of 8 metastasis (80%) were found positive for MIA; in the last two metastasis detection was not possible Cell-matrix adhesion inhibitor 5 FFPE UM, 8 FFPE metastasis IC 2002 NSB1
Ehlers and Harbour [51 ] High expression was significantly correlated to a low survival rate (22% versus 100%
= 0,01) DNA damage repair 49 UM, 4 deaths Gen. + IC 2005 c-Met Mallikarjuna et al. [52 ] High expression related to liver metastasis (
= 0,0009), speculation is that it is ligand independent as HGF was not elevated Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor involved in HGF’s stimulation of tumor cells 60 UM, 6 metastasis IC
2007 VEGF-A and MMP-9 Sahin et al. [53 ] Not present in normal ocular tissues. Significantly elevated in lymphocytic infiltration, necrosis, EMP (loop and/or network) formation. VEGF was significantly elevated in metastasis (
= 0,02); MMP-9 was almost significantly elevated (
= 0,052). Metastasis not correlated to cell type, tumor seize, mitotic rate, degree of pigmentation, necrosis, and EMPs VEGF-A = most important proangiogenic factor MMP-9 = metalloproteinase, Zn binding, key role in angiogenesis 100 UM, metastasis 14, deaths 2 IC 2007 E-cadherin + VE-cadherin + Hif1α Chang et al. [54 ] Significantly associated with class 2 tumor type (a significant predictor of metastasis
= 0,0001) and epithelioid cell type (
< 0,001) Not described in the paper 29 class 1 tumors and 28 class 2 tumors IC 2008 MCAM Beutel et al. [39 ] Increased in primary tumor with metastasis compared to nonmetastatic tumor (from 32,5% to 81,8%,
= 0,0001) Adhesion molecule expressed on vascular endothelium, believed to be involved in tumor migration through the endothelium and vascularization 35 UM, 16 metastasis IC 2009 HSP-27 Coupland et al. [40 ] Decreased in densitometry with monosomy 3 (10,51–6,67 ODxArea
= 0,005) Chaperone involved in heat and stress protection 41 FFPE UM, 20 monosomy 3 MS IC WB 2010 Vimentin Coupland et al. [40 ] Increased in densitometry with monosomy 3 (5,82–12,20 ODxArea
= 0,003) Cytoskeletal component 41 FFPE UM, 20 monosomy 3 MS IC WB 2010 SCFΦ Lüke et al. [41 ] Decreased in expression in primary tumors with systemic metastasis (from 77,2% to 30,1%,
< 0,0001) Ligand to the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase has a crucial role during defined stages of the development of mature melanocytes 35 UM, 16 metastasis IC 2011 c-KitΦ Lüke et al. [41 ] No significant correlation with systemic metastasis Receptor tyrosine kinase has a crucial role during defined stages of the development of mature melanocytes 35 UM, 16 metastasis IC 2011 LZTS1 + β -catenin Simões et al. [55 ] When combined β -catenin negative plus any LZTS1 expression was significantly related to metastatic death LZTS1 = tumor suppressor β -catenin = possibly a role in promoting tumorigenesis 82 FFPE UM, 27 dead of metastasis IC 2011
