|
| | Gene | Expression in GBC | Tissues of comparison | Additional information | Reference(s) |
|
| Oncogene | KRAS | Higher (10–67%) | Adenoma (0%) | Marker of GBC in PBM
No correlation with stage, histology, and survival | [23, 26, 29] |
| EGFR | Higher (63.4%) | Dysplasia (71.4%)
Hyperplasia (15.4%)
Normal (0%) | | [23] |
| HER-2/neu (ERBB2) | Higher (16–64%) | Carcinoma in situ (0%)
Gallstones (0%) | Marker of metastatic disease (70%)
Marker of poor prognosis (10x mortality) | [23, 30, 31] |
|
| Tumor suppressor | TP53 | Higher (58.3–100%) | Adenoma (10–20%)
Normal (0%) | Unknown relation to prognosis
More prominent with poor differentiation | [23, 32] |
| P16 | Lower (48.8%) | Adenoma (100%)
Chronic cholecystitis (100%) | Related to poorer prognosis
Negative correlation with cyclin D1 | [33] |
| Fragile histidine triad (FHIT) | Lower | Normal | Early change in carcinogenesis | [26] |
| Retinoblastoma | Lower (58.5%) | Adenoma (100%)
Cholecystitis (100%) | Causes cell proliferation, apoptosis, and developmental defects | [33] |
| VHL | Lower (48.1%) | Peritumoral tissue (80.4%)
Polyps (80%)
Chronic cholecystitis (88.6%) | Marker progression, biological behavior, and prognosis | [34] |
|
| Adhesion molecules and mucins | Cadherins | Higher (N-cadherin 55%; P-cadherin 53%) | None | Associated with large tumor size, invasion, and node metastases | [35] |
| MUC1 | Higher (78%) | Normal tissue (absent) | Higher expression in more advanced tumours; poor survival | [36] |
| Erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1) | Lower | Chronic cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Normal | Role under investigation | [23] |
|
| Angiogenesis | Thrombospondin-1 | Higher (74.5%) | Normal (0%)
T1 cancer (0%) | Associated with venous involvement
Predictor of vascular involvement and nodal metastases | [23] |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 | Higher (59.2–71.9%) | Normal (0–25%)
Dysplasia (70.3%) | Associated with poor prognosis, mean survival, and tumor progression | [23, 26] |
| VEGF-A | Higher (81%) | Chronic cholecystitis (5.1%) | Expression related to histologic grade, TNM stage, and prognosis | [37] |
|
| Cell cycle regulators | Cyclin E | Higher (33%) | Adenoma (12.5%) | | [23] |
| Cyclin D1 | Higher (41–68.3%) | Adenoma (57.1–67%)
Chronic cholecystitis (7.1%)
Normal (0%) | Marker of lymphatic/venous involvement and lymph node metastases | [23, 33] |
| P27Kip1 | Lower (43–65%) | None | | [23] |
|
| Apoptosis | Caspases | Higher (95%; caspase 3; 77%; caspases 6 and 8) | None | Higher extent apoptosis in grade II/III GBC compared with grade I/dysplasia |
[23] |
| Bcl-2 | Higher (34.7%) |
|
