Angiographic Findings in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Previously Treated Using Proton Beam Therapy

Table 1

Patient characteristics.

Total patients	31
Procedure
TACE	29 (93.5)
TAI	2 (6.5)
Male sex	28 (90.3)
Age at TACE or TAI, years	68.5 ± 9.8 (43–84)
Child-Pugh
A	28 (90.3)
B	3 (9.7)
C	0 (0)
Previous PBT treatments
1	25 (80.6)
2	5 (16.1)
3	0 (0)
4	1 (3.2)
Diameter of HCC treated using PBT, mm	37.5 ± 26.6 (8-122)
Median follow-up time after earliest PBT, days	559 (34–5,383)
Median follow-up time after latest PBT, days	464 (34–5,383)
Targeted HCCs in TACE or TAI
Irradiated HCCs targeted	18
Irradiated HCCs not targeted	13
PBT-related findings
Abnormal staining of irradiated liver parenchyma	22 (71.0)
Development of tortuous tumor feeder	13 (41.9)
Development of extrahepatic collateral pathway	7 (22.6)
Development of AP/AV shunt	4 (12.9)

Data are reported as number (percentage), median (range) or mean ± standard deviation.
TACE: transarterial chemoembolization, TAI: transcatheter arterial infusion, PBT: proton beam therapy, HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, AP/AV: arterio-portal or arteriovenous.