Current Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy: Multimodal Approaches to Improve Efficacy and Patient Response Rates

Figure 4

Overview of the factors contributing to varying response rates to immunotherapy and methods to overcome these barriers. Variations in immunotherapy response rates range from specific individual immune system diversity to the broad influence of the composition of the gut microbiota and are shown in red boxes. The proposed methods to overcome these barriers are indicated in green boxes. The gut microbiota can have overarching effects on patient response to immunotherapy due to the influence of the gut microbiota on the composition and function of the immune system.