|
Predisposition genes | Cancer risk | Lifetime risk | Surveillance |
|
High-penetrance genes for breast and/or ovarian cancer |
|
TP53 | Adrenocortical gland | 6–13% [25] | Ultrasound of abdomen and pelvis: every 3–4 mos, birth to age 18 yrs [27] |
Breast | 54% [25] | Clinical breast examination: every 6–12 mos, age ≥ 20 yrs |
Breast MRI screening with contrast (with or without mammogram): annually, age 20–75 yrs [27] |
Central nervous system | 6–19% [25] | Neurologic exam: annually, all ages |
Brain MRI: annually [27] |
Sarcomas | 5–22% [25] | Whole-body MRI: annually, all ages |
Ultrasound of abdomen and pelvis: annually, age ≥18 yrs [27] |
Hematologic tumors | NA | Periodic blood test if increased risk for myelodysplastic syndrome or leukaemia [28] |
Gastrointestinal system | NA | Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: every 2–5 yrs, age ≥25 yrs [27] |
Skin | NA | Dermatologic exam: annually, age ≥18 yrs [27] |
|
PTEN | Breast | 85% [5] | Clinical breast examination: every 6 mos, age ≥ 25 yrs |
Mammogram and breast MRI with contrast: annually, age 30–75 yrs [6] |
Thyroid | 35% [36] | Ultrasound of thyroid: annually, all ages [6] |
Endometrium | 28% [36] | Endometrial biopsy: every 1–2 yrs [6] |
Colon and rectum | 9% [36] | Colonoscopy: every 5 yrs, age ≥ 35 yrs [6] |
Kidney | 30% [36] | CT or MRI of abdomen: every 1–2 yrs, age ≥ 40 yrs [6] |
Melanoma | 5% [38] | Dermatologic exam: annually, age ≥18 yrs [38] |
|
CDH1 | Stomach | 56–83% [8] | Upper endoscopy: every 6–12 mos, age ≥ 18 yrs [59] |
Breast | 52% [8] | Mammogram and breast MRI with contrast: annually, age ≥ 30 yrs [6] |
|
STK11 | Colon and rectum | 39% [9] | Colonoscopy: every 2–3 yrs, age ≥ 18 yrs [61] |
Stomach | 29% [9] | Upper endoscopy: every 2–3 yrs, age ≥ 18 yrs [61] |
Small bowel | 13% [9] | Capsule endoscopy: every 2–3 yrs, age ≥ 18 yrs [61] |
Pancreas | 11–36% [9] | MR cholangiopancreatography with contrast or endoscopic ultrasound: every 1–2 yrs, age ≥ 30 yrs [62] |
Breast | 32–54% [9] | Clinical breast examination: every 6 mos, age ≥ 20 yrs |
Mammogram and breast MRI with contrast: annually, age ≥ 25 yrs [6] |
Ovary, cervix, and uterus | 9–21% [9] | Transvaginal ultrasound, serum CA 125, pelvic exam with pap smear: annually, age ≥ 18 yrs [6] |
Testis | 9% [9] | Testicular exam: annually, until 18 yrs [62] |
Lung | 7–17% [9] | Not recommended |
Low-/moderate-penetrance genes for breast and/or ovarian cancer |
|
PALB2 | Breast | 35% [69] | Mammogram and breast MRI with contrast: annually, age ≥ 30 yrs [6] |
Ovary, pancreas | NA | Not recommended |
|
CHEK2 | Breast | 28–37% [13, 75] | Mammogram and breast MRI with contrast: annually, age ≥ 40 yrs [6] |
Colon | NA | Colonoscopy: every 5 yrs, age ≥ 40 yrs [6] |
Prostate, kidney, bladder, and thyroid | NA | Not recommended |
|
NBN (675del5) | Breast | Up to 30% [77] | Breast MRI with contrast: annually, age ≥ 40 yrs [6] |
Ovary and prostate | NA | Not recommended |
|
MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM | Colon and rectum | 48–57% [43] | Colonoscopy: every 1-2 yrs, age ≥ 20–25 yrs [6] |
Endometrium | 43–57% [43] | Not recommended |
Ovary | Up to 24% [43] | Not recommended |
Stomach, small bowel | 4–13% [43] | Upper endoscopy: every 3–5 yrs, age ≥ 40 yrs if relevant family history or mutation in MLH1, MSH2 or EPCAM [45, 51] |
Hepatobiliary tract | Up to 4% [43] | In research protocol [6] |
Urinary tract | Up to 25% [43] | Urinalysis: annually, age ≥ 30–35 yrs if relevant family history or MSH2 mutation [6] |
Brain | 1–4% [43] | Physical and neurologic examination: annually, age ≥ 25–30 yrs [6] |
Breast (MSH2, MLH1, PMS2, or MSH6) | 11–18% [53–55] | Not recommended |
Prostate | NA | Not recommended |
|
ATM | Breast | 33% [12] | Mammogram with consideration of breast MRI with contrast: annually, age ≥ 40 yrs [6] |
Ovary, prostate, and pancreas | NA | Not recommended |
BRIP1, RAD51C, RAD51D | Ovary | Up to 10% [15] | Not recommended |
|
NF1 | Nervous system | 8–16% [64] | Physical and eye examination: annually, every age [63, 64] |
Breast | 17% [64] | Mammogram and breast MRI with contrast: annually, age 30–50 yrs [65] |
BARD1 | Breast | NA | Not recommended |
|