Minocycline in Treating Glioblastoma Multiforme: Far beyond a Conventional Antibiotic

Table 1

The effects of combination therapies-based minocycline against GBM.

Combination therapy	Type of study	Pharmacological effect (s)	Reference
Minocycline + MJ-66^1	Intracranial GBM xenograft	(1) Inhibition of cell growth	[122]
		(2) Induction of cell death
		(3) Aggravation of DNA damage
Minocycline + bevacizumab	Clinical trial^2	Ongoing	[123]
Minocycline + TMZ	Clinical trial^3	Ongoing	[124]
Minocycline + STAT3 inhibitor	In vitro and in vivo	(1) Reducing cell viability	[125]
		(2) Suppression of tumor growth
Minocycline^4 + BCNU^5	Rodent brain tumor model^6	(1) Inhibition of tumor growth	[126]
		(2) Impairing microglia activation
Minocycline + telmisartan + zoledronic acid	In vitro	(1) Inhibition of MCP-1 expression	[127]
		(2) Interfering with glioblastoma growth
Minocycline + sulforaphane	In vitro^7	Inhibition of microglial activation	[128]
CUSP9v3^8	Clinical trial^9	Ongoing	—

¹A synthetic quinazolinone analog. ²A phase 1 study for recurrent GBM patients (NCT01580969). ³A phase 1 study for newly diagnosed GBM patients (NCT02272270). ⁴A biodegradable controlled-release polymer. ⁵Systemic injection. ⁶Local delivery of minocycline (intracranially). ⁷Microglial cells. ⁸Nine repurposed drugs (aprepitant, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, minocycline, ritonavir, and sertraline) combined with metronomic TMZ. ⁹A phase 1/2 study for recurrent GBM patients (NCT02770378). GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; TMZ, temozolomide; STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; BCNU, carmustine; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.