Clinical Importance of Wnt5a in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer

Table 1

Inhibitory effects of Wnt5a during CRC development.

Factor	Wnt5a expression level	Wnt5a function	Mechanism	CRC sample type	Reference
Methylation	Low	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of tumor cell clonogenicity by upregulation of β-catenin and overactivation of Wnt β-catenin signaling	CRC cell lines	[44]
Ectopic model	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis via suppression of EMT, Wnt canonical, and overactivation of Wnt/Ca^2+ signaling	HCT116	[45]
Unmethylation	High	Tumor suppressor	Increasing inhibitory effect of 5-FU	LoVo, SW480, HCT116, and SW620	[46]
Vitamin D intake	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell proliferation through enhancing levels of Wnt5a methylation	Tissue	[47]
Genistein	High	Tumor suppressor	Suppression of cell proliferation via reducing levels of CpG island methylation of Wnt5a	SW1116	[48]
Trichostatin A (TSA)/sodium butyrate (NaBt)	High	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of levels of Wnt5a expression by decreasing acetylation levels of histones including H3Ac, H4Ac, and H3K4me2	SW620 and SW480	[49]
EZH2	Low	Tumor suppressor	Enhancing cell proliferation via hypermethylation of Wnt5a promotes H3K27 and overactivation of TGF-β signaling	SW480	[50]
Recombinant Wnt5a (rWnt5a)/Foxy-5	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell differentiation by overexpression of 15-PGDH and inactivation of Wnt β-catenin	HT-29 and Caco-2	[51]
CaSR	High	Tumor suppressor	Suppression of cell proliferation via inactivation of Wnt β-catenin and overexpression of Ror2 and Siah-2	HT-29	[52]
LPS	High	Tumor suppressor	Reduction of TNF-α-induced Wnt3a signaling via decreasing expression levels of TNFR1 and increasing CaSR and Ror2	CaSR-HEK, RAW264.7, and HT-29	[53]
miR-567-5p	Low	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of cell proliferation by upregulation of β-catenin and downregulation of Wnt5a	SW480	[55]
pcDNA-Wnt5a/XAV939 inhibitor	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell viability, migration, and invasion through suppression of miR-567-5p activity and inactivation of Wnt β-catenin signaling	SW480	[55]
miR-26b	Low	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of CRC cells metastasis via enhancing EMT and downregulation of Wnt5a and PTEN	Caco-2, DLD1	[56]
Methylation	Low	Tumor suppressor	Increasing MSI tumors features	Tissue	[57]
DNMT1	Low	Tumor suppressor	Enhancing tumor stage	Tissue	[58]