Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common neoplasms among women worldwide, especially in developing countries. Currently, anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and cervical cancer screening programs represent the primary and secondary prevention strategies, respectively. It was estimated that the nonvalent HPV vaccine could prevent almost 90% of CCs. Based on this evidence, changes in cervical cancer screening programs in vaccinated women have been suggested, such as longer screening intervals, or the beginning of screening at a later age.

However, the HPV genotype distribution seems to be affected by age, with a decreasing trend of high-risk HPV-related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in older women. Furthermore, recent evidence has shown that in the post-vaccination era, the incidence of cervical cancer will shift to more advanced ages. These data should, in the near future, raise the question about what the most appropriate screening interval and test is (hr-HPV testing versus Co-testing) according to age. The management of cervical lesions, from follow-up to hysterectomy in selected cases, could be also revised on the basis of HPV vaccine status and age. Currently, excisional treatment in young women is a topic being updated. Under 30 years of age, CIN 2 lesions showed a low percentage of progression. In these cases, intensive follow-up without treatment could be an option. Furthermore, the use of HPV vaccines after cervical treatment has become a new topic of interest. To date, there is indirect evidence for the efficacy of the post-treatment HPV vaccine. However, the absence of a randomized controlled trial on this topic represents a relevant gap. Finally, when definitive treatment is performed, should vaccinated women perform a different follow-up for HPV-related recurrence of the vaginal vault? What could be the management of this challenging clinical entity? Lastly, could the HPV vaccine have an indirect impact on preterm birth?

We invite researchers to submit research articles, review articles, and clinical studies on the topic highlighted in this Special Issue, addressing these open and debated questions with a look at future prospects.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Cervical cancer screening intervals in future young and older vaccinated women
• Co-test versus HPV testing according to age in post-vaccination screening programs
• Post-treatment HPV vaccine: work in progress
• Management of HSIL according to age
• The HPV vaccine and preterm birth
• HPV-related vaginal vault lesions after hysterectomy