Long-Term Effects of Metformin and Lifestyle Modification on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Obese Adolescents

Table 1

Characteristics of adolescent obese boys measured at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year after multidisciplinary lifestyle program associated with metformin therapy.

	Placebo group			Metformin group
	Basal	6 months	1 year	Basal	6 months	1 year
BM (wt)	$114.20\pm 10.7$	$110.9\pm 8.56$	$112.22\pm 5.68$	$105.42\pm 8.00$	$98.65\pm {9.37}^{\#}$	$97.39\pm {10.41}^{†}$
BMI (wt/ht^2)	$37.02\pm 3.15$	$36.69\pm 2.89$	$37.23\pm 2.83$	$37.24\pm 3.44$	$34.05\pm {4.01}^{\#}$	$34.39\pm {4.60}^{†}$
Glucose (mg/dl)	$91.75\pm 7.47$	$93.25\pm 8.08$	$96\pm 6.48$	$93.58\pm 7.30$	$92.28\pm 7.73$	$96\pm 8.97$
Insulin ($\mu$U/mL)	$18.77\pm 6.71$	$19.73\pm 6.84$	$19.2\pm 5.30$	$22.35\pm 11.82$	$16.52\pm {9.7}^{\#}$	$15.83\pm {10.34}^{†}$
HOMA-IR	$4.28\pm 1.66$	$4.53\pm 1.56$	$4.57\pm 1.39$	$5.23\pm 3.1$	$3.83\pm {2.73}^{\#}$	$3.81\pm {2.62}^{†}$
Visceral (cm)	$4.87\pm 1.52$	$5.37\pm 1.85$	$3.55\pm 1.80$	$4.90\pm 1.04$	$3.72\pm {1.24}^{\#}$	$4.00\pm {1.07}^{†}$
Sub (cm)	$3.29\pm 0.83$	$3.20\pm 0.87$	$3.46\pm 0.08$	$3.17\pm 0.60$	$2.86\pm 0.74$	$2.69\pm 0.96$
AST(U/L)	$28.37\pm 14.38$	$26.75\pm 9.40$	$33\pm 16.71$	$33.52\pm 10.13$	$26.78\pm 6.80$	$28.77\pm 11.99$
ALT (U/L)	$52.12\pm 24.93$	$48.25\pm 17.36$	$57.25\pm 38.01$	$52.05\pm 26.89$	$39.64\pm 16.35$	$41.11\pm 12.48$
GGT (U/L)	$27.62\pm 7.19$	$28\pm 5.70$	$24.25\pm 7.50$	$33.52\pm 6.69$	$29.35\pm 10.35$	$31.44\pm 14.37$

Reference normal values to Glucose (60–110 mg/dL), Insulin ($<$20 $\mu$U/mL), HOMA-IR ($<$2.0), AST (10–40 U/L), ALT (10–35 U/L), and GGT (17–30 U/L) [14]
Placebo group versus Metformin group on the same occasion $P\le .05$ (ANOVA for repeated measures),
# Basal versus 6 months for the same group $P\le .05$ (ANOVA for repeated measures),
† Basal versus 1 year for the same group $P\le .05$ (ANOVA for repeated measures),
6 months versus 1 year for the same group $P\le .05$ (ANOVA for repeated measures).
BM (Body mass), BMI (Body Mass Index), HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index), Sub (Subcutaneous adipose tissue), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase).