Treatment of Obesity-Related Complications with Novel Classes of Naturally Occurring PPAR Agonists

Table 1

Summary of activities of novel classes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists.

	Punicic acid	Catalpic acid	Abscisic acid
PPAR α reporter activity^1	Yes	Yes	No
PPAR γ reporter activity^1	Yes	No	Yes
PPAR δ reporter activity^1	No	Unknown	No
PPAR γ ligand-binding activity^2	Yes	Yes	No
PPAR γin silico Docking^3	Yes	Yes	No
Changes in PPAR-responsive; genes in vivo ^4	PPAR α in adipose tissue; PPAR γ in skeletal muscle	PPAR α in adipose tissue	PPAR γ in adipose tissue
Efficacy in tissue-specific; PPAR γ null mice	Impaired	Unknown	Impaired
PPAR-independent; Mechanisms	Modulation of eicosanoid synthesis	Decreases cyclooxygenase-2 expression	Lantionine synthetase; component C-like 2, cAMP, and protein kinase A
Proposed utilities	Gut Anti-inflammatory; Blood sugar control; Immune modulator	Antiobesity; Lipid-lowering; Anticancer	Systemic anti-inflammatory; Blood sugar control; Antiatherosclerotic; Immune modulator

¹ PPAR α, γ, and δ reporter activity assays were conducted as previously described [22].
² PPAR γ ligand-binding assay was performed using a commercially available competitive tracer displacement kit as previously described [42].
³ Molecular modeling and docking studies were performed as previously described [27, 43].
⁴ PPAR-responsive gene expression was measured in vivo as previously described [12].