Excessive Leucine-mTORC1-Signalling of Cow Milk-Based Infant Formula: The Missing Link to Understand Early Childhood Obesity

Table 3

Leucine content of infant diet and serum leucine levels.

Type of infant diet	Protein content of infant diet (g/100 mL)	Leucine content of infant diet (mg/100 mL)	Serum leucine levels (μmol/L)
Human milk^1 whey/casein 3 : 2	1.21	104	106
Low-protein (LP) infant formula^2	1.25	119	110^4
LP followon formula^2	1.60	154	120
High-protein (HP) infant formula^2	2.05	197	133^4
HP followon formula^2	3.20	308	165
Cow milk whey/casein 1 : 5	3.40	333^3	172^4

¹Data derived from Nommsen et al. [34]; ²data according to Socha et al. [39] with low- and-high protein infant formulas with a whey/casein ration 1 : 4; ³leucine data according to Davis et al. [37]; ⁴leucine serum levels calculated according to Johnson et al. [74].