Maternal and Early Childhood Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Low-Income Predominantly Black Children at Age Five Years: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 4

Multivariable model showing adjusted risk ratio for maternal and early childhood determinants of overweight (85th to <95th percentile) at the age of 5 in Alabama 𝑛=681^∗.

Variables	Adjusted RR* (95% CI)	𝑃
Maternal prepregnancy BMI
Normal and low (<24.9)	1.00
Overweight (25–29.9)	1.9 (1.34–2.7)	<0.001
Obese (>30)	1.88 (1.33–2.65)	<0.001
Birth weight (Kg)
≤85th percentile
>85th percentile	1.94 (1.33–2.83)	<0.001
Sex
Male	1.00
Female	1.27 (0.96–1.7)	0.099
Smoking during 1st trimester^‡
0 cigarette	1.00
1–12 cigarette (61–85th percentile)	1.40 (1.02–1.91)	0.035
≥13 cigarette (>85th percentile)	0.98 (0.63–1.54)	0.937

CI: confidence interval.
*Adjusted risk ratio computed using poisson regression model with robust variance estimation.
^†Based on gestational age and race specific birth weight percentiles for US population.
^‡Cigarettes smoked per day.