Maternal Distress during Pregnancy and Offspring Childhood Overweight

Table 2

Maternal distress during pregnancy covering anxiety, depression, and stress, and childhood overweight according to maternal characteristics.

			Maternal mental health
	Total		Maternal distress	Feeling anxious	Feeling depressed	Feeling stressed	Childhood overweight
	𝑛	%	%	%	%	%	%
Total population	37,764	100.0	12.3	11.7	17.9	20.6	9.9
Maternal age
<25	4,337	11.5	15.6	14.5	15.5	13.5	10.5
25–28	15,919	42.2	38.4	39.8	38.3	38.7	9.7
39–34	13,012	34.5	33.3	33.6	33.2	34.8	9.8
≥35	4,496	11.9	12.7	12.1	13.0	13.0	10.1
Marital status
Married/partner	36,164	98.2	96.5	96.7	96.3	97.1	9.7
Single	645	1.8	3.5	3.3	3.7	2.9	14.1
Missing	955
Parity
Primiparous	18,817	49.8	43.3	51.4	43.6	40.0	9.1
Multiparous	18,947	50.2	56.7	48.6	56.4	60.0	10.7
Prepregnancy BMI
Underweight <18,5	1,523	4.1	4.5	4.2	4.5	4.5	3.7
Normal weight 18,5–24,9	26,182	70.5	68.1	69.1	67.2	69.5	7.5
Overweight 25–29,9	6,924	18.6	20.2	19.4	20.9	19.1	15.3
Obese ≥ 30	2,539	6.8	7.2	7.3	7.4	6.9	22.0
Missing	596
Gestational weight gain
<10 kg	3,637	12.0	12.5	12.1	12.8	12.0	12.4
10–15 kg	13,837	45.6	44.4	42.3	41.6	45.6	8.2
16–19 kg	6,472	21.3	19.4	19.8	19.5	21.3	9.0
≥20 kg	6,422	21.2	26.7	25.8	26.0	21.2	12.1
Missing	7,396
Smoking in pregnancy
None	32,413	85.9	76.8	78.5	78.4	79.9	9.0
0–10 cigarettes/day	4,208	11.1	17.4	16.5	16.5	15.4	14.6
>10 cigarettes/day	1,103	3.0	5.8	5.0	5.1	4.7	19.3
Missing	40
Socioeconomic status
Higher	26,191	69.6	61.7	65.4	61.3	66.9	8.4
Middle	10,302	27.4	32.5	30.2	32.9	28.7	12.9
Lower	1,150	3.1	5.8	4.4	5.8	4.4	15.7
Missing	121
Breastfeeding
None or <14 weeks	8,629	28.2	37.4	32.8	33.4	30.1	12.4
14–21 weeks	13,089	42.7	37.8	39.4	39.1	40.2	8.6
≥22 weeks	8,908	29.1	27.8	27.8	27.5	29.7	8.7
Missing	7,138
Sex—child
Boy	19,343	51.2	51.3	50.2	51.3	51.3	8.7
Girl	18,421	48.8	48.7	49.8	48.7	48.7	11.1
Exercise—mother
0 min/week	22,315	60.7	66.2	63.4	66.1	64.6	10.36
1–120 min/week	7,965	21.7	18.4	20.1	18.8	19.7	8.98
120–240 min/week	4,413	12.0	10.2	10.9	10.2	10.4	9.13
240–420 min/week	1,579	4.3	3.8	4.0	3.6	3.8	8.04
>420 min/week	521	1.4	1.4	1.6	1.3	1.5	11.52
Missing	971