Journal of Obesity
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 918202, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/918202
Four Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Self-Paced Walking Performance in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial
1Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Sydney, QLD 4870, Australia
2School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Sydney, QLD 4870, Australia
3Baker IDI, Research and Medical Education, Central Australia, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia
4Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
Received 20 February 2012; Revised 26 April 2012; Accepted 10 May 2012
Academic Editor: Jack A. Yanovski
Copyright © 2012 A. M. Edwards et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- C. L. Ogden, S. Z. Yanovski, M. D. Carroll, and K. M. Flegal, “The epidemiology of obesity,” Gastroenterology, vol. 132, no. 6, pp. 2087–2102, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- WHO, “Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic,” Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. View at Google Scholar
- P. Ekkekakis, E. Lind, and S. Vazou, “Affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity in normal-weight, overweight, and obese middle-aged women,” Obesity, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 79–85, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. P. O'Donnell, C. D. Schaub, A. S. Haines et al., “Leptin prevents respiratory depression in obesity,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 159, no. 5 I, pp. 1477–1484, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. M. Salome, P. A. Munoz, N. Berend, C. W. Thorpe, L. M. Schachter, and G. G. King, “Effect of obesity on breathlessness and airway responsiveness to methacholine in non-asthmatic subjects,” International Journal of Obesity, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 502–509, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. M. Luce, “Respiratory complications of obesity,” Chest, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 626–631, 1980. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. B. Otis, W. O. Fenn, and H. Rahn, “Mechanics of breathing in man,” Journal of applied physiology, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 592–607, 1950. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. C. Villiot-Danger, E. Villiot-Danger, J. C. Borel, J. L. Pépin, B. Wuyam, and S. Vergès, “Respiratory muscle endurance training in obese patients,” International Journal of Obesity, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 692–699, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Edwards, C. Wells, and R. Butterly, “Concurrent inspiratory muscle and cardiovascular training differentially improves both perceptions of effort and 5000 m running performance compared with cardiovascular training alone,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 523–527, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Edwards and R. E. Walker, “Inspiratory muscle training and endurance: a central metabolic control perspective,” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 122–128, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Verges, O. Lenherr, A. C. Haner, C. Schulz, and C. M. Spengler, “Increased fatigue resistance of respiratory muscles during exercise after respiratory muscle endurance training,” American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 292, no. 3, pp. R1246–R1253, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Frank, R. Briggs, and C. M. Spengler, “Respiratory muscles, exercise performance, and health in overweight and obese subjects,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 714–727, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. L. Enright, “The six-minute walk test,” Respiratory Care, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 783–785, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Edwards and C. B. Cooke, “Oxygen uptake kinetics and maximal aerobic power are unaffected by inspiratory muscle training in healthy subjects where time to exhaustion is extended,” European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 93, no. 1-2, pp. 139–144, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. M. Romer, A. K. McConnell, and D. A. Jones, “Effects of inspiratory muscle training on time-trial performance in trained cyclists,” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 547–562, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Volianitis, A. K. McConnell, Y. Koutedakis, L. McNaughton, K. Backx, and D. A. Jones, “Inspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 803–809, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Ekkekakis, “Let them roam free?: physiological and psychological evidence for the potential of self-selected exercise intensity in public health,” Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 857–888, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Stevens, E. Elpern, K. Sharma, P. Szidon, M. Ankin, and S. Kesten, “Comparison of hallway and treadmill six-minute walk tests,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 160, no. 5 I, pp. 1540–1543, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Hulens, G. Vansant, A. L. Claessens, R. Lysens, and E. Muls, “Predictors of 6-minute walk test results in lean, obese and morbidly obese women,” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 98–105, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. J. Gibbons, N. Fruchter, S. Sloan, and R. D. Levy, “Reference values for a multiple repetition 6-minute walk test in healthy adults older than 20 years,” Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 87–93, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. B. Ebbeling, A. Ward, E. M. Puleo, J. Widrick, and J. M. Rippe, “Development of a single-stage submaximal treadmill walking test,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 966–973, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. A. V. Borg, “Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 377–381, 1982. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. St Clair Gibson, E. V. Lambert, L. H. G. Rauch et al., “The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort,” Sports Medicine, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 705–722, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. D. Noakes, A. St Clair Gibson, and E. V. Lambert, “From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: summary and conclusions,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 120–124, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. K. McConnell and L. M. Romer, “Respiratory muscle training in healthy humans: resolving the controversy,” International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 284–293, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. D. Johnson, M. A. Babcock, O. E. Suman, and J. A. Dempsey, “Exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in healthy humans,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 460, pp. 385–405, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. J. Mador, U. J. Magalang, A. Rodis, and T. J. Kufel, “Diaphragmatic fatigue after exercise in healthy human subjects,” American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol. 148, no. 6, part 1, pp. 1571–1575, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Suzuki, M. Sato, and T. Okubo, “Expiratory muscle training and sensation of respiratory effort during exercise in normal subjects,” Thorax, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 366–370, 1995. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Zerah, A. Harf, L. Perlemuter, H. Lorino, A. M. Lorino, and G. Atlan, “Effects of obesity on respiratory resistance,” Chest, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 1470–1476, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus